ZOOLOGY AND BOTANY, MICROSCOPY, ETC. 193 



There are 161 species of mites (Eriophyidas) on the list. The irritant 

 causes recognized are fluids in the egg or injected with it, secretion from 

 the larva, mechanical stimulation by the gall-maker itself. J. A. T. 



Plant Galls of Philippines. — Leopoldo B. Uichanco {Philippine 

 Joiirn. Sci., 1910, 14, 527-5-4, 15 pis.). An account of 57 zoocecidia 

 due to Rhynchota (Psyllidae, Aphididae and Coccidas), Diptera 

 (Itonididae or Cecidomyidfe and Trypetid^), Hymenoptera (Cynipidae 

 and Tenthredinid^), Lepidoptera (Gelechidaa), Coleoptera (Buprestidie),. 

 Thysanoptera, and Eriophyid mites. It is noted that the gall of animal 

 origin may be occasionally a response to severe mechanical injury or to 

 continuous mechanical irritation, but is mainly due to a secretion either 

 at the time of oviposition or during the development of the insect. 

 Moliard (1917) removed some of the secretion of the larva of Aulax 

 papaveris, a Cynipid gall-maker on the pistil of Papaver rlmas, and 

 injected it into the growing pistil of the poppy, where galls were evoked 

 like those produced by the larva itself. Euphorbiaceae and Moracea& 

 seem to furnish in the Philippines more galls than any other orders do. 

 Galls can be produced only when the tissue of the plant is still developing. 

 After the plant tissue has been fully matured no amount of stimulus will 

 evoke a gall. J. A. T. 



Emergence of Larvae of Apanteles glomeratus from Caterpillars 

 of Pieris brassicaB.— Cl. Gautier {G. R. Soc. Biol, 1919, 82, 1369-71). 

 The parasitized caterpillars never attach themselves as the normal ones 

 do when they pass into the chrysalid stage. The larvae bore out almost 

 simultaneously, emerging mostly on the sides above the pro-legs. But 

 a few may come out on the back, and very rarely on the ventral surface. 

 They form cocoons in one mass below the caterpillar, or in two groups. 

 These are in part attached to the caterpillar's chrysalid threads. The 

 caterpillar may be found dead above or among the cocoons, or it may 

 actually move with its burden to some distance, where it dies. Before 

 it dies, however, it makes a new and thick feltwork of filaments around 

 the cocoons of the parasites. Caterpillars from which the larvse have 

 emerged never eat and never form an actual chrysalis. Fabre described 

 the issue of the parasites by a single aperture, but Gautier and others 

 describe each parasite emerging by its own aperture. J. A. T. 



Food of Caterpillars of Pieris and Euchlde. — Cl. Gautier and 

 Ph. Kiel {C. R. Soc. Biol, 1919, 82, 1371-4). Fabre laid emphasis on 

 the fact that the caterpillars of Pieris brassicse require Cruciferous plants, 

 but as a matter of fact they may also eat Tropaeolum. Their relatives 

 may likewise feed on members of the families Trop^olacese, Resedace^e, 

 Myrtacea), Araceae, Papilionaceas, Crassulaceae, and Capparidacete. In 

 short, the caterpillars are more " polyphagous " than has been supposed. 

 Guignard has shown a chemical affinity between Cruciferag, Tropseolace^e, 

 Capparidaceae, and Resedace^, for most of them show the presence 

 of myrosin and sulphurous glucosides. The butterflies are probably 

 directed mainly by the odour to plants suitable for the nutrition of the 

 caterpillars. J. A. T. 



