ZOOLOGY AND BOTANY, MICROSCOPY, ETC. 319 



head, the relative length of the body segments, the presence or absence 

 of visible labial palps and maxillary palps, the presence of exposed 

 portions of the prothoracic femora in specialized pupae, and the method 

 of dehiscence. J. A. T. 



Markings of Lepidopterous Pupge. — J. F. yan Bemmelen {Proc. 

 K. Akad. Wetensch. Amsterdam, 191H, 21, 1-10). According to the 

 author the colour-markings of ])utterflj pup^e — those on the body as 

 well as those on the wing-sheaths — are to be regarded as an original 

 pattern, the uniform colour of the white, yellow, brown or black pupa3 of 

 most moths resulting from the loss of the primitive design. Theories 

 of sympathetic coloration and influence of surroundings are not necessary 

 to explain the manifestation of the pattern. It is not denied, however, 

 that modifications of the pattern may secondarily come to have some 

 protective value. J. A. T. 



Structure and Habits of Cryphalus abietis. — Walter Ritchie 

 {Ann. Applied BioL, 11)19, 5, 171-99, 15 figs.). A description of this 

 wood-boring Scolytid beetle, and a contrast between it and C. picea3 ; an 



Mi*MMMi**MM<M<MUWM 



First maxillae and labium of larva of Ghryphalus abietis. 

 Greatly magnified. 



c, eardo ; s., stipes; mx.p., maxillary palp; la., lacinial lobe; 1., ligulae ; ] 

 Z.^:*., labial palp ; m., mentum; s.m., sub-mentum ; s. a., sub-mental area. 



account also of the larva and pupa, of the brood-galleries, and of the 

 internal reproductive organs. There are excellent figures. The larvse 

 are destroyed in numbers by a Chalcid parasite. The parent beetle 

 makes a circular burrow round the base of a branch, and the larval 

 galleries radiate out on all sides almost at right angles. The parent 

 beetles do not all die after egg-laying, but in many cases feed anew prior 

 to a possible second egg-laying. ^ J. A. T. 



