THE GEEAT ERUPTION OF SAKURA-JDIA IN 1914. 65 



fissures toward the west. The writer is of opinion that each 

 time the black clouds were forcibly thrown out and ash fell, it 

 was a sure sign of a new fissure rent open somewhere. It is 

 Peeket's Vulcanian type. Meanwhile coarse ejectamenta and ash 

 were thrown out from resiculated magma (Strombolian type) 

 Height of *o ^ height of 18,181 ?«.'^ dui'ing the first phase, 



i.e., above the lower limit (11,000///.) of the windless 

 and cloudless zone of constant temperature (Frontispiece and 

 Text-fig. 15). 



Strong showers of projected incandescent stones, dragging be- 

 hind them threads or tails of gi-ay vapors, like meteors, are said 

 to have fallen hot, abundantly and hissing into the sea to a dis- 

 tance of 3-3 J km. from the vent, which tlie writer measured on a 

 map, so that it must have been dangerous to approach Yokoyama 

 on shore in rescuing the terror-stricken inhabitants. It was now 

 about 11.30 a.m. Old grayish-white and new blackish scorching 

 stones fell all round the western shore, setting villages and forests 

 The Nuée Oil firc. The descending fiery wind-blast or the nuée 



ardente, as in Frontispiece, seems to have been instru- 

 mental in setting the villages and forests on fire. The outbreak 

 was partly of the Vulkanian but predominantly of the Strombolian 

 type, in the sense in which F. A. Peeeet"^ discriminates certain 

 phases of volcanic manifestations. 



1) It -was measured l>y tlie Eailway Station-master of Ivigoshima. The height calculated 

 from Kushino, far away -west from the city was 7,272 m. ; that estimated from the man-of-war 

 "Tone" anchored near Taniyama being 8,181?;). T. Ogura, my assistant, got the value 3,560 77). 

 from the writer's photo of January 15th, i.e., four days after the first outbreak. This was, the 

 writer presumes, the average height of clouds for a few days while displaying the Strombohan 

 type of activity. In the Report of Meteor. Oh.ierv. K'Kjoshirna, it is stated to be 3,000 m. The 

 smoke culumii of the Krakatoa eruption was estimated as 27 km. (17 miles) high; in the Mauna 

 eruption of 1911 it was 8000 ft. (2,401 w.)— Wood, Jiull. 6'ei.9. Sac. Am., Vol. V. In the An-ei 

 eruption of Sakura-jima, the height calculated was 12,029?».. (see p. 45, footnote). 



•2) Zeltfidrr. f. Vulkanologie, Bd. I. 1914, S. 25. 



