59(5 JOURNAL, BOMB A Y NA TUBAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XII. 



Female. — Above pale grejash-brown distinctly tinged with ochre ; 

 the crown rather darker ; scapulars paler ; the feathers of the upper 

 surface with pale margins, practically absent in the oldest birds ; the 

 wings paler and duller but otherwise like those of the male, the white 

 being replaced by pale (.rey or dusky white ; whole lower jjlumage, 

 under wing-coverts and axillaries, pale greyish-white, yellowish-white 

 or greyish-ochre, darker on the flanks. 



Bill dusky black, becoming red towards the tip and with the nail 

 still paler, the lower mandible only dark at the base and up the fleshy 

 part in the centre ; irides brown or reddish-brown ; legs and feet 

 dusky orange, orange-brown or reddish-brown, the webs and joints 

 darker, often dusky black. 



" In the female the bill is black, reddish or orange towards the tip 

 and more or less along the sides of the lower, and edges of the upper 

 mandible" (Hume). 



" Iris yellow ; bill brownish-red above, fleshy beneath, nail brown ; 

 legs and feet murky yellow" (Legge). 



" Length 20-1" to 22'0" ; expanse 33*75" to 37-0" ; wing 9-0" to 

 10-25" ; tail from vent 3-5" to 3-8"; tarsus 1-5" to 1'75" ; bill from gape, 

 2-25" to 2-4" ; weight lib. lOozs. to 21bs. 6ozs." (Hume). 



" Young male similar to the female, but the darker centres of the 

 feathers of the underparts are brown instead of grey ; back and breast 

 darker brown and more indications of a crest" (Seebohm). 



The colours of the soft parts are those of the female, the legs and feet 

 being less tinged with red or orange, often of a uniform dull brown, 

 barely tinged on the shanks with reddish ; the irides are plain brown. 

 The bill becomes redder before the full plumage is assumed, but does 

 not become really red or crimson-red until the bird is pratically 

 adult. 



" Males in first nuptial dress have the under parts more sufirised with 

 brown, the white not suffused with pink, and the bill much paler" 

 (Seebohm). 



" Males in moulting plumage very closely resemble the adult females, 

 but may be distinguished by the brighter colour of their bills and eyelids, 

 by the greater development of their crests, by the darker brown of the 

 belly and under tail-coverts, and by the rodder colours of the feet" 

 (Salvadori). 



