ZOOLOGY AND BOTaNY, MICROSCOPY, ETC. 391 



Trypanosome Studies.* — Sir David Bruce, D. Harvey, A. E. Hamer- 

 ton, J. B. Diivev, and Lady Bruce, communicate the results of further 

 investigations of Trypanosomes in Nyasaland. They find that 31 • 7 p.c. 

 of the wild game in the fly-country below Kasu Hill harbour pathogenic 

 trypanosomes. The species are Tryponosoma hrvcci vel rkodesiense 

 (7 "8 p.c), T. peconim (14* -4), T. simiee (1'7), 2\ caprae (11 '1), and 

 T. ingens (1*7). The infected animals are a standing danger to the 

 native inhabitants and to the domestic animals. They should be wiped 

 out. So far no pathogenic trypanosomes have been found by the Com- 

 mission in the blood of animals living in fly -free areas. 



Th^ investigators find t that T. caprse belongs to the same group as 

 T. vivax and T. imiforme, and affects the same animals — cattle, goats, 

 and sheep. Monkeys, dogs, and the smaller laboratory animals, are 

 immune. The carrier is Glossina rnorsitans, and the reservoir of the 

 virus is the wild game living in the " fly-country." 



They also find J that five human strains of trypanosome, isolated 

 from four natives in Nyasaland and one European in Portuguese East 

 Africa, belong to the same species — T. rkodesiense (Stephens and 

 Fantham). Evidence is accumulating that this species and T. hrucei 

 (Plimmer and Bradford) are identical. 



Spirochaets of Fishes. § — 0. Duboscq and C. Lebailly have studied 

 the SjDirochiets of the intestine and of the blood in numerous fishes. 

 Spirochffits of the type Treponema gadi occur constantly in GoUiis paga- 

 neJhis, accidentally in Syngnatlms acus and G aster ostens spinachia. In 

 Trigla lucerna there is an abundant species {Treponema triglse sp. n.), 

 which occurs in two forms in the rectum. Spirochetes are known to 

 occur in the blood of half a dozen fishes, and the authors raise the list to 

 nine. These belong to the Scombriformes, Gadiformes, and Blennii- 

 f ormes, groups which are particularly infested with intestinal Spirochets. 



In Lepadogaster and in Gadiformes it has been proved that the in- 

 testinal Treponemes penetrate the rectal epithelium and reach the lymph 

 spaces. In Gadus tninutus, G. luscus, Onos mustela, 2ind Blennms j^hol is, 

 forms indistinguishable from the rectal Treponemes, occur in the blood. 

 In other cases {Merlangus poUacMus and Lepadogaster) the form that 

 occurs in the blood is different in type from that in the rectum, but this 

 may be an adaptive or modificational difference. 



Structure of Sarcosporidia.|| — A. Alexeieff has made a careful study 

 of the minute structure of Sarcosporidia — particularly as regards the 

 cyst and the spores. The envelope of the cyst belongs to the host ; the 

 parasite itself is naked and remains always intracellular. The nucleus 

 of the spore of the Sarcosporidia is of a type which is very common 

 among Protists, but with this peculiarity, that the karyosome is peripheral 

 and may even be extruded from the nucleus. There is no polar capsule 

 in the spore. The spore 'has all the characters of a glandular element. 



* Proc. Eoy. Soc, Series B, Ixxsvi. (1913) pp. 269-77. 



t Proc. Roy. Soc, Series B, Ixxxvi. (1913) pp. 278-84 (1 pL). 



X Proc. Roy. Soc, Series B, Ixxxvi. (1913) pp. 285-302. 



§ Arch. Zool. Exper., lii. (1913) Notes et Revue, No. 1, pp. 9-24 (7 figs.). 



11 Arch. Zool. Exper., li. (1913) pp. 523-69 (3 pis.). 



2 D 2 



