ZOOLOGY AND BOTANY, MICROSCOPY, ETC. 515 



Observations on the Chondriomes of Fungi.* — A. Uuilliermond 

 had already found these structures in the asci of Pustularia vesiculosa 

 and of several other Asconiycetes. He finds now that they are generally 

 present in all fungi. He has demonstrated them in the organs of fructifi- 

 cation of several Autobasidiomycetes in the cells of the pileus, but chiefly 

 in the basidia, which show an alnindance of chondriocontes, of which 

 some form secretory vesicles. Penicillium glancum proved one of the 

 most satisfactory fungi for sliowing the presence of chondriomes ; they 

 are described by the author in that and in several other fungi. He con- 

 siders that they play an important role in secretions, as is proved by the 

 constant production of vesicles of secretion at the expense of the basophile 

 grains. He concludes that his discovery proves that they are as con- 

 stant and indispensable an element of the cell as are the nuclei. 



Progress of Cytology of Fungi. f — A. GuiUiermond has given a 

 history of cytological research in fungi for the last fifteen years, which 

 has been a season of great activity in that field. Work has been done 

 on that special subject in almost every group, and mostly in connexion 

 with the problem of sexuality. It has been proved, he considers, that 

 sexuality is an almost universal phenomenon. In the Phycomycetes it is 

 well-known. In the higher fungi it is present though there is degener- 

 ation. In "archaic" members of the Ascomycetes and Basidiomycetes, 

 sexuality has been found to exist, but there is a series of other processes 

 known as parthenogamy, parthenogenesis or apogamy which seems to 

 point to the fact that these groups are losing sexuality. 



Researches on Basiclioboliis, Saccharomycetes and Endomycetes 

 have shown in these fungi the frequent appearance of automixie, even 

 in those instances where there is no sexual degeneration, a phenomenon 

 which complicates still further the signification of sexuality. 



The cytoplasm of the cell has received less attention, and GuiUier- 

 mond considers that there is a vast field of research there waiting for 

 exploration. 



Cytology of Fungus Reproduction. J — J. Ramsbottom reviews work 

 on Cytology published during the year. In the paper are included 

 researches on Phycomycetes, Ascomycetes (including Laboulbeniales), 

 Ustilagine^e, UredineaB and Basidiomycetes. The publications dealing 

 with fungi in these various groups are carefully gone through and the 

 facts observed are given by him. The various statements are fre- 

 quently contradictory, and finality has not been reached in any branch. 

 The writers themselves find contradictory phenomena in the different 

 species very frequently. Ramsbottom's clear and interesting summary 

 is a valuable contribution to the subject. 



Mycological Notes. § — W. B. Grove publishes notes on a series of 

 micro-fungi. He recounts his experience with Puccinia Car ids, and his 

 infection experiments with nettles, which were entirely successful. 



* Comptes Rendus, clvi. (1913) pp. 1781-4 (17 figs.). 

 t Progressus Rei Botanies, 1913, pp. 339-542 (82 figs.). 

 X Trans. Brit. Mvcol Soc, iv. (1913) pp. 127-64. 

 § Journ. Bot., 19'l3, pp. 42-5. 



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