ZOOLOGY AND BOTANY, MICROSCOPY, ETC. 479 



by a short connective lies a buccal ganglion, united by a sub-oesophageal 

 commissure with the other on the other side. From this commissure 

 numerous nerves pass to the oesophagus. Hitherto, a buccal nervous 

 system is known only in FhaseoUcama magellanica^ its occurrence in 

 Meleagriaa mar gar it if era being doubtful. 



Arthropoda. 

 a, Insecta. 



Hermaphrodite Bees.* — G. Kojewnikov reports the occurrence of 

 hermaphrodites in a hive from the north of the Caucasus. The queen 

 which produced them also produced normal males and workers. Super- 

 ficially the hermaphrodites looked like workers with the heads of drones. 

 One of the mandibles was that of a male, the other that of a worker ; 

 the eyes were drone eyes ; the thorax was like that of a worker, and the 

 abdomen also on the whole. Some of the abdominal sternites showed 

 a lateral hermaphroditism, one side showing a wax-gland, the other none, 

 or only a quite irregular portion. 



The sting occurred in diverse forms — -sometimes normal, sometimes 

 fused to the pieces of an abnormal male copulatory organ. The gonads 

 were sometimes male on one side and female on the other, and some- 

 times the same on both sides. Individuals with two ovaries or with two 

 testes were still hermaphrodite in skeleton. This shows that in this case 

 the essential organs do not determine the secondary sex characters. 



Polien-collecting Setae in Bees. f— August Braue describes a series 

 of cases, from the slightly differentiated condition in Frosopis confusa to 

 the highly-evolved apparatus in Bomdus and Apis. 



He also discusses the secondary retrogression of the collecting appa- 

 ratus in parasitic bees, e.g. in Sphecodes reficulatus, where it is incipient, 

 and in Nomada rufipes, where it is complete. The apparatus on the 

 hind legs is also rudimentary in Systroplia curvicornis^ which collects 

 mostly by means of the seta3 on the lateral margins of the abdomen. 



It may be said that the general line of evolution is to concentrate 

 the brush sette and the carrying setae on to special parts of the leg. 

 Other adaptations are to be found in the change of shape in particular 

 joints, and in the specialization of the hairs themselves. The author 

 distinguishes ten different forms of set^e — such as feathered on one side, 

 feathered on both sides, and feathered all round. 



Influence of Colour on Caterpillars. J — Hedwig Menzel finds that 

 different colours, acting on the caterpillars of Vanessa urticse, induce 

 colour-variations of the pup^ corresponding to those which occur in 

 nature, but the proportion of colour-varieties to one another in the 

 various boxes differs according to the colours. It seems that the 

 absolute brightness of the colouring is more important than the par- 



* Resumes des Communications, 9e Congres Internat. Zool. Monaco, 1913, 

 s6r. 3, pp. 39-40. 



t Jen. Zeitschr. Naturw., 1. (1913) pp. 1-96 (4 pis. and 26 figs.). 

 X Zool. Jabrb., xxxiii. (1913) pp. 235-58 (1 pi. and 3 figs.). 



