ECOLOGY. 335 



set out in California and the reciprocal transplants will be made next 

 season. The reciprocal transplants made in 1918 are all living, and 

 some of them have already undergone a change in certain characters. 



2. Variation transplants. — In this case a single form was taken from 

 its natural habitat and transplanted into a series of different environ- 

 ments. About 50 such transfers have been made. 



3. Alpine transplants. — These are variation or ecad transplants in 

 which the plants are moved from the alpine meadows above 12,000 

 feet to gardens in the montane or plains climaxes, several thousand 

 feet lower. Approximately 200 plants, representing nearly 100 species, 

 were selected from the alpine communities on Pike's Peak and brought 

 down to the montane zone at Minnehaha, where they were established 

 in two small gardens set aside for this purpose. 



Variation and Mutation in Epilohium, by Edith Clements. 



The experimental study of the flowers and inflorescence of Epilohium 

 spicatum has been unavoidably interrupted, but seeds have been 

 gathered at several localities and grown at Tucson during the winter 

 for the statistical and experimental study of variation and mutation 

 in the rosettes. 



Experimental Pollination, hy F. E. Clements and Frances Long. 



The experimental work with the habits of insect pollinators of a 

 large number of native flowers has been continued throughout the sum- 

 mer. The species studied intensively were Aconitum columhianum, 

 Capnoides aureum, Delphinium scopulorum, Epilohium spicatum, 

 Frasera speciosa, Geranium richardsonii, Mertensia pratensis, Mon- 

 arda fistulosa, Pentstemon glaher, P. gracilis, Rosa acicularis, and Ruhus 

 deliciosus. The experimental devices employed naturally varied with 

 the type of flower, but they may be illustrated by the cases of Penste- 

 mon and Rosa. In the former the inflorescence was inverted or supple- 

 mented by one with pink flowers. The corollas were painted various 

 colors or replaced by paper ones ; the tube was slit into separate petals, 

 the outer half cut off, the lower lip removed or the opening variously 

 closed; the anthers and staminode were excised and staminodes and 

 stamens were placed in abnormal positions. In the case of Rosa, 

 flowers were reciprocally exchanged with Ruhus deliciosus, and the 

 competition for particular pollinators studied. In both, flowers were 

 painted or inverted, paper corollas added, stamens removed, and 

 honey or perfume added. 



Detailed records of all visitors to various species were made for defi- 

 nite periods, thus showing the number of flowers visited by each kind 

 of insect, the frequency o/ the visits, the time spent at each flower, 

 and consequently the relative efficiency of the different visitors. Full 

 notes have also been made of the minute behavior of each visitor at the 



