368 74 



foliage-leaves proceed, and have thus eitlier character of suboles or of rliizomcs or rhizodes 

 (example: Polt/ijodium vulgare, Pteridiiim aquUinum anil other ferns; Aspidistra liirida) and 

 must for the present, failing any better name, be called leaf-bearing suboles and leaf-bearing 

 rhizomes. They must of course as a rule be found close under the surface of the earth, 

 rarely deep down (Pteridium and other ferns) as the leaves cannot force their way through 

 the earth for any distance. The stem in some species may be found both creeping over and 

 wandering in the earth (e.g. Hijdrocotijlc, vulgaris). 



1. The term rhizome is also generally used for those stems with short internodes, but 

 erect, branched or unbranched, lying close above and below the surface of the earth, which 

 bear the winter buds, and which are surviving basal parts of orthotropic aerial shoots (Ex.: 

 Primula elatior, Ptanlago maritima]. This type of shoot has been called "Rhizome (root-stock)" 

 or "radix multieeps"; it was distinguished already by Hj. Nilsson from the true rhizomes 

 under the name of "pseudorhizome"; it was also formerly called "mesocorm us", a good 

 and suitable name. It may be found combined with aerial or subterranean runners, but 

 may also lack these, and will then be non-migratory; the vegetative reproduction is then 

 insignificant. 



The runners (suboles) mentioned under 2) turn ui)ward sooner or later, and form aerial 

 shoots, or such proceed from the axillary or the terminal buds. These aerial shoots are of 

 varying shape. In our northern flora the following types of shoot can be distinguished: 



The long-shoot has on the whole elongated internodes of equal length right from 

 the base, though they may be a little shorter there. The leaves are foliage-leaves, though the 

 basal ones are often smaller, and more or less ajjproaching the scale leaf type. Most species 

 have large flat leafy blades (e. g. Epilobium angnstifolium, Linaria vulgaris), fewer have small 

 and narrow leaves, whose stems have shorter internodes (the lepidophyllous, cricoid, pinoid, 

 lycopodioid shootl Long-shoots are characteristic of summer annuals and a number of 

 l)erennial herbaceous jjlants, and probably have tlieii- habitat chiefly outside the cold and 

 frigid-temperate lands; they are also found in most ligneous plants. 



A particular form of long-shoot is found in the lianas. 



The rosette-shoot (p. 303—304) is also well known. In plants with rosette shoots 

 proper, all the foliage-leaves are collected close to the surface of the earth on a short, erect 

 stem, and inflorescences proceed up from the rosette (e.g. Plantago major. Primula elatior, 

 Bromeliacœ). Ligneous plants with rosette shoots raised high in the air are well known 

 (palms, etc.). 



The semi-rosette shoot (p. 304). The aerial shoot has at the base a rosette of large 

 foliage-leaves, but then follows a stem portion with elongated internodes, leaf-blades decreasing 

 upwards in size and shaiie (e.g. Campanula Iracltetium). To this tyi)e should also be reckoned 

 the monopodial rosette shoots, the flowering lateral shoots of which are leafy shoots with 

 elongated internodes (e. g. Alchimilla vulgaris). The semi-rosette shoot is undoubtedly the 

 most widely distributed and common type in climates of medium warmth and moisture; it 

 is found in many biennial aud perennial bapaxanths and in many poUacanthous jjlants. The 

 rosette is the sign of a period with slow growth, generally due to cold. 



The grass-type is rather a semi-rosette shoot type, but deserves to be distinguished 

 from the other semi-rosette shoots, owing to the extensive ramification which often takes 

 place in the rosette, as also to the peculiar shape of the leaves, etc. 



It should further be noted that these types of shoots are naturally not sharply distin- 

 guishable and that aerial shoots may also be adapted in very different ways to the climate 

 and environment (xerophytes, mesophytes, hygro- and hydro])hytes). 



