30 Willkomm, Phänologie in Spanien. — Instrumente etc. — Gelehrte Ges. 



Arten. Beigefügt ist ein Blanquet der von den Beobachtern an das 

 Observatorium eiiizulieft-rnden Tabellen, welche die geographische Lage 

 und Meereshöhe des Beobachtungsortes und in 4 Spalten bei jeder 

 beobachteten Pflanze die Tage der ersten Blüten, ersten Blätter, ersten 

 leifen Früchte und der eingetretenen Entlaubung enthalten sollen. 

 Auch die Regierung hat sich für dieses Unternehmen bereits interessirt, 

 nämlich gestattet, dass die ausgefüllten Listen, obwohl geschrieben, als 

 Kieuzbandsendungen von den Postämtern zugelassen werden sollen. 



Willkomm (Prag). 



Instrumente, Präparations- u. Conservationsmethoden 



etc. etc. 



Bizzozero, G.j Manuel de microscopie clinique , avec des Instructions sur 

 l'emploi du microscope en medecine legale et sur les Operations d'analyse 

 chimique les plus utiles au praticien. Traduit par Cli. Firket. Bruxelles 

 (Manceaux) 1883. 



Maddox, R. L., On a Portable Form of Aeroscope and Aspirator. (Journ. 

 R. Microsc. Soc. Ser. II. Vol. III. 1883. Pt. 3. p. 338—342.) 



Trutat, Eug., Traite elementaire du microscope. Partie I : le microscope et 

 son emploi. Paris 1883. 



Van Ermenghem, Sur les methodes de culture des micro-organismes pathogenes. 

 (Bull. Soc. Beige de microsc. IX. 1883. No. VIII. p. 105-123.) 



Gelehrte Gesellschaften. 



Linnean Society of London.*) 



February 1, 1883. — Sir John Lubbock, Bart., F. R. S., President, in 

 the chair. — Messrs. F. W. Burbidge and Joseph Johnson were elected 

 Fellows of the Society. — The following paper was read : — „ n t h e 

 Structure, Development, and Life-history of a tropical epi- 

 phyUous Liehen". byH. Marschall Ward. The author's observations 

 lead him to believe that the epiphyllous cryptogam in question supports the 

 view that a liehen is a Compound organism composed of an alga on which 

 an ascomycetous fungus has become more or less mtimately affixed and 

 dependent. It is developed on the leaves of many plants, but it has been 

 more closely watched on Michelia furcata. The liehen presents four types, — 

 orange-red stellate patches, greyish green blotches, clear grey spots, and white 

 shining circles , - but these pass imperciptibly into one another, and vary 

 in size from a speck to a quarter of an inch in diameter. The reddish spots 

 of the earlier stages is an alga, of which the radiating filaments are in part 

 reproductive Organs and in part barren hairs; it subsequently passes into the 

 grey and green stages and by a modification of growth the Invasion of a 

 fungus myceliura succeeds. The white matrix of the complete liehen consists 

 of the same algal thallus invested by dense masses of the fungus hyphae, 

 which produce black dots, viz., the fruit-bodies. The author describes in detail 

 the peculiarities of growth and reproduction of the alga and fungus, and 

 formation of the liehen. He alludes to and criticises Dr. Cunningham's 

 account of Mycoidea parasitica, which latter is evidently closely related to 

 that described by himself. Assuming that Mycoidea and Ward's alga are 

 generically the same, either Cunningham discovered a female organ of 



*) From The Journ. of Bot. Vol. XXI. No. 245. p. 159. 



