ACTIXOrODOUS HOLOTH UEIOIDEA. 



margin and partly spiny. The disk is, as described by Thkel, 

 mostly with a ring and an opening at the base of each pillar. 

 In otliers, esj^ecially in those with a spiny margin, the disk may 

 become large and have more lioles. Fenestrated plates may Ijc 

 simply X-sliai)ed or more elal)orate. 



Stone-canals and Tolian vesicles vary greatly in number 

 as the following table will show : — 





Calcareous ring as shown in textiig. 14. 



The above facts seem to point to the 

 conclusion that there is no distinction between 

 //. afra and var. amhoiucnsis. 



Tlie animals are found in shallow water 



reous ring. I — Interradi- 

 alia ; II — Radialia. 



Textfig. 14. 

 llolothuria alra: Calca- ('-^ — 3 fatllOms). 



I have no sjjccimeii cured for market, but 

 this is one of tlie commercially useful species 

 as given by Sempee, Kent, etc. 



Local It jf : — (^iieriuih;i (Sempek '60); lUal Sea (Sempeiî '(îi), Ludnvk; 

 '80, Lampeiît '85); Assal) (Ludwig '87); Zau/ibar (Selenka '67, Lampert 

 '85, LuDWRi 87) ; Bawi, Tuiiil>a,tu ( Lampept '96) ; Aldabra (Ludwkv '1)9i ; 

 Mozauil)i(|ue (Bell '84) ; Darios I., Auiiraute Is. (Bell '84) ; Western 

 Indian Ocean (lÎELL '84); Ceylon (Ludwig '87, P>ell 87); Tnticorin, Madras 

 (Bell '88) ; Aiulaman Is. (Bell 87) ; Nicobar Is. (^Sempei; '67 — '68) ; Id- 



