34<^ ENTOMOLOGICAL EDUCATION IN THE UNITED STATES. 



graduate study is required ; a satisfactory thesis must be pre- 

 sented in the major subject, and one or two minor subjects must 

 be taken. Final written and oral examinations, coAcring both 

 the major and minor subjects, are given before the degree is 

 awarded. A student majoring in entomology is most generally 

 advised to select as his minors one or two of the following:— 

 B'acteriology, plant pathology, horticulture. If his undergraduate 

 work has led to the degree of B.A., then the master's degree 

 generally conferred would be the M.A. ; if it has led to a B.S.A., 

 then the M.S. would be the advanced degree. However, this 

 order of arrangement may be changed if circumstances necessi- 

 tate. The courses given during graduate work are all advanced, 

 and aim to give the student a broad outlook on his science. 



For the degree of Ph.D. not less than three years of 

 graduate work or two years wholl}- devoted to graduate study 

 after receiving the master's degree are required. A major sub- 

 ject and one or two minors may be taken, the latter to be in 

 subjects related to the major. Research and extensive readings, 

 reviews of current literature, familiarity with contemporary 

 workers, their methods and results, play the most important part 

 in this work, and the student must familiarise himself with the 

 history of his subject. He must show a reading knowledge of 

 both French and German, to enable him to use these languages 

 for reference or other purposes. His dissertation must embody 

 a contribution to our knowledge of the subject, and must be pub- 

 lished at least before one year has elapsed from the time of its 

 acceptance. Written and oral examinations covering everv phase 

 of the major and minor subjects are given. 



While it is not absolutely necessary that a student spend 

 the whole of his graduate study in the university, some indepen- 

 dent workers continue in the Bureau of Entomology or in the 

 State experiment stations, and their work is directed by the pro- 

 fessor in charge of the candidate. Thus it is possible for men to 

 gain advanced degrees without materially affecting their posi- 

 tions. 



For graduate work in entomology, as well as in many other 

 subjects, scholarships are offered, and enable many students to 

 pursue advanced work. These scholarships are of the nature 

 of teaching scholarships, when the student spends half" his time 

 in study and the other half teaching elementary classes, for 

 which he receives a certain remuneration ; or a straight scholar- 

 ship, which gives to the student a stipend without requiring him 

 to teach, but devote his whole time to study. Such scholarshijis 

 do a great deal towards encouraging worthy students to go for- 

 ward in their studies. 



Thus far I have outlined the courses of instruction with 

 some comments on other phases of entomological education, but 

 I catmot proceed any farther without mentioning something 

 about the relationship between student and teacher. In ad- 

 vanced work especially, the conferences, consultations, and asso- 

 ciations with their professors play an exceedingly imn^irtant 



