PHILOLOGY. 309 



la-ap-a-ya), the Greek chieftain often mentioned in the Assyrian 

 letters found at Tell el Amarna. The song commemorates an ex- 

 pedition that Lappaiiis made against Qatra (cuneiform chal-ra-a), 

 the Old-Doric form of Qteria, whose inhabitants are called 'lafeve^ 

 {cuneiform I -ia-u-e-ni) , as the people of Attica were called 'Ia(f)uve^ 

 by Homer. 



(9) These results led to the identification of Arzama and of Metan, 

 later Mitan-i. Various considerations had led to the association or 

 paralleling of Metan and Arzama, and to the location of them in 

 upper Mesopotamia. These theories were corrected and made more 

 specific. Arzama is the Old-Doric form of *Arzamia/Arzabia (cunei- 

 form ar-za-bi-ia) , the name that later appears as Arsamea. This 

 town lay on the Euphrates, due west of Amida, and just about where 

 other considerations had led Winckler to locate Arzama. In clas- 

 sical times, Amida was the capital of the district called Arzan-ene, 

 and was surrounded by a very galaxy of related names — Arsam- 

 osata, Arsan-ias, Arsin-ia, Arzen, etc. Compare Persian names like 

 Arsame, Arsames, Arsamos, Arsanos, Arsania, etc. Metan ( = Meda-n, 

 originally a locative with postpositive 'ev) is identical with A-mida 

 (originally a locative with prepositive 'a, the weak form of Uv — just 

 as German Meppental comes from older im Eppental). But Mrjda, 

 is the Old-Doric form of Mrjdca, compare QaTp7y. and 'Ap^a^a, the 

 Old-Doric forms of Qrepta and 'Ap^a/jLca. As the Doric accent was 

 one mora to the right of the Attic, the unaccented l was reduced or 

 entirely lost. But Mrjdca, with r] for the a of Old Persian Mada, 

 betrays Javonian phonology. 



These philological data reveal the following historical facts: (1) that 

 the Medes dwelt in upper Mesopotamia before they crossed Mount 

 Taurus and descended into the Media of history; (2) that they left 

 their old seats and the name of their capital to oncoming Javonian 

 tribes ; and (3) that these Javonians were succeeded by Dorians. We 

 thus find Dorians in a new role, among the foremost of those who led 

 the great prehistoric migration of men of Greek blood. We see that 

 the ancient Greek world was a great deal larger, that Greek civiliza- 

 tion was much older and more diversified, and that Greek speech 

 broke up into dialects at a far earlier period than has hitherto been 

 supposed. 



(10) The continuation of the study of Minoan writing brought 

 overwhelming evidence of the correctness of the view that the Greek 

 alphabet represents the final stage of the development of Minoan 

 iconomatic writing into syllabic writing and, later, pen-alphabetic 

 writing. For example, in Minoan iconomatic writing, the figure of 

 a Mediterranean plow ^, usually set erect f\ so as to take up less 

 room, is the regular sign for the vowel A, later A, the initial sound 

 of apoTpov, the Greek word for ''plow." 



