272 CARNEGIE INSTITUTION OF WASHINGTON. 



Casts and photographs were also made of parts of the arch of 

 Augustus at Rimini, of the double city gate at Ascoli Piceno, of the 

 Janus arch of the Velabrum at Rome, and of the arch of Augustus at 

 Fano. The medallion sculptures of the Rimini arch, two of which 

 were. cast, have never been studied, though they are of almost uniciue 

 interest for the rise of Roman sculpture, because they can be exactly 

 dated in 27 b. c, early in the reign of Augustus, and are masterpieces 

 of the Hellenistic school. The double gate at Ascoli is the only well- 

 preserved example of the Porta Gemina, such as existed at Rome and 

 elsewhere in Central Italy in the late Republic, and of which an 

 earlier instance was noted above at Rimini. At Fano it was ascer- 

 tained that the superstructure and gallery of the Augustan gate, 

 though restored by Constantine, was not, as has been supposed, of 

 Constantinian but of Augustan construction. Near Rome the 

 structure of the heavy Janus arch of Saxa Rubra, of the time of 

 Diocletian or Constantine, which has not yet been thoroughly 

 studied, was investigated for stamped tiles by which it might be 

 exactly dated. 



Further study was made of arches and gates in northern and 

 central Italy, at Verona, Ravenna, Capua, Spoleto, Perugia, Aquino, 

 Piperno, and Terracina. For comparative purposes the Arch of Titus, 

 the Forum of Nerva, the Colosseum, and other imperial structures 

 were examined, particularly in relation to the dating of various parts 

 of the Arch of Constantine. The casts of the latter arch were placed 

 in the museum of the Roman Forum. 



Two side-issues were necessarily a part of these studies: (1) the 

 character and historic succession of Roman stone masonry, brick- 

 work, and concrete, as giving the key to the age of undated arches 

 and gates ; and (2) Roman relief sculpture, ornament, and moldings, 

 in connection with the decoration, purpose, and character of this class 

 of structures and as often the only remaining proof of their existence. 



An example of the value of the norms which Professor Frothingham 

 is gradually establishing is the proof that the Capitoline Temple of 

 Aquino is a valuable work of the late Republic. 



As a third side-issue, collections of drawings of Roman arches and 

 their sculptures made during the Renaissance were examined, together 

 with the notes that often accompanied them. The collections at 

 Siena and Florence are particularly rich. A considerable number of 

 negatives were made of such drawings existing in the Royal collection 

 at Windsor and dating from the fifteenth, sixteenth, and early seven- 

 teenth centuries. They are invaluable in giving data about arches 

 since destroyed or mutilated and for reproducing lost bas-reliefs. 

 They also show hov/ strongly Renaissance architects and sculptors 

 were influenced by Roman triumphal arches; more, perhaps, than 

 by any other single class of ancient monuments. 



