1893.] Ill [Dolley. 



ing statement : "The most wholesome wine of all is that to which no in- 

 gredient has been added when in a state of must ; indeed, it is still better 

 if the vessels even in which it is kept have never been pitched." .... 

 "New wines seasoned with resin are good for no one, being productive 

 of vertigo and headache ; hence it is that the name of crapula has been 

 given equally to new resined wines and to the surfeit and headache 

 which they produce." '* In the making of "crapula," iTpnjSUiTrj'^ uho'},^^ 

 pine cones (^lTp6,3tXoi}) were certainly employed, being steeped in the 

 must, but it seems hardly probable that a custom not altogether prevalent, 

 and producing a product regarded as unwholesome, should have given 

 rise to the most common and characteristic Dionysiac symbol. Moreover, 

 the resinous flavor was frequently produced in the wines by smoking 

 either the grapes or the wine itself in wine lofts — apothecas^^ — in the 

 smithies or the chimneys. The Libanian grape produced a wine having 

 a natural odor of frankincense, and which was preferred in making liba- 

 tions to tlie gods.'^ Rhsetian and Allobrogian grapes had naturally a 

 strong flavor of pitch.'* At the time of Homer, Dionysos was unknown 

 as the god of wine. According to Herodotus*' not only was the name of 

 Dionysos, but also the various extraordinary rites accompanying his wor- 

 ship, introduced into Greece by Melampus. 



Euripides in many places clearly points to a well-understood Eastern 

 origin of the cult, thus : 



" Dion. And I have left the golden Lydian shores, 



The Phrygian and the Persian sun-seared plains, 

 And Bactria's walls ; the Medes' wild wintry laud 

 Have passed, and Araby the Blest ; and all 

 Of Asia, that along the salt sea coast 

 Lifts up her high-towered cities, where the Greeks, 

 With the Barbarians mingled, dwell in peace. 

 And everywhere my sacred choirs, mine Orgies 

 Have founded, by mankind confessed a God 

 Now first in an Hellenic town I stand." 



Or again : 



" But ye, who Tmolus, Lydia's strength, have left 

 My Thyasus of women, whom I liave led 

 From lands barbarian, mine associates here. 

 And fellow-pilgrims ; lift ye up your drums, 

 Familiar in your native Phrygian cities." 



Melampus is supposed to have received his knowledge of the cult from 

 Cadmus, who, with the Phoenicians accompanying him to BcBotia, brought 

 these rites either directly from Egypt or from Tyre. 



General tradition points to the introduction of the Dionysiac mysteries 



i^PUny, xxiii, c. 24. 

 »Dios., 5, 44. 

 i« Pliny, xiv, 16. 

 ^T Ibid., xiv, 22. 

 i8/6if/., xiv, 3. 

 loii, 49. 



