I90S .] ON INTESTINAL ORGANISMS. 65 



it has been shown that they are not restored on transferring them 

 to water free from oligodynamic properties. 



6. Oligodynamic solutions of copper are obtained by adding 

 either copper coins, copper foil or salts of copper to water ; when 

 copper foil is used, sufficient copper is dissolved by the distilled 

 water in i to 5 minutes to kill the typhoid organisms within two 

 hours. 



7. A solution of copper may lose its toxicity by the precipita- 

 tion of the copper as an insoluble salt or compound ; by its ab- 

 sorption by organic substances ; or by adsorption by insoluble sub- 

 stances. 



8. The oligodynamic action of the copper is dependent upon 

 temperature as first pointed out by Israel and Klingmann. 



9. The effects of oligodynamic copper in the purification of 

 drinking water are in a quantitative sense much like those of filtra- 

 tion, only the organisms removed, like B. typhi and B. coli are 

 completely destroyed. 



BIBLIOGRAPHY. 



1. Nageli. 



Ueber oligodynamische Erscheinungen in lebenden Zellen. Neue Denk- 

 schriften der schweizerischen naturforschenden G*esellschaft (33-34), 

 1S93-1S95, pp. 1-5 1. 



2. Copeland and Kahlenberg. 



Trans. Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts and Letters, 1898 and 1899, 

 pp. 454-474- 



3. Noyes. 



The Preparation and Properties of Colloidal Mixtures. Jour. Avier. 

 Chem. Soc, Vol. 27, 1905, pp. 85-104. 



4. Israel and Klingmann. 



Oligodynamische Erscheinungen (v. Nageli) an pflanzlichen und thier- 

 ischen Zellen. Virchoto 's Arc/iiv, 147, 1S97, pp. 293-340. 



5. Cushny. 



Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 1 899, p. 159. 



6. Moore and Kellerman. 



U. S. Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Plant Industry, Bulletins 64, 

 1904 ; and 76, 1905. 



7. Kraemer. 



Amer. Jour. Phariii., 76, I904, pp. 574-581 ; Amer. Medicine, 9, 1905, 

 pp. 275-277. 



8. True and Oglevee. 



The Effect of the Presence of Insoluble Substances on the Toxic Action of 

 Poisons. Bot. Gaz., 39, 1905, pp. 1-21. 



