78 WILLIAMS— DEEP KANSAN PONDINGS IN 



a working outwards on every curve, with the result of making the 

 bends more pronounced, and of making a steep stoss-side against 

 which the torrent would strike, and a low slope where scour did not 

 obtain. These gravels lie on these low slopes where scour did not 

 obtain during the trenching of the valley, and where it did not 

 obtain when the far slower current dropped the sands and gravels 

 that we are considering. Thus, though at Brandon and Kennerdell 

 the gravel-covered slopes are at the above low angles, the opposite, 

 or stoss sides of the valley rise almost from the stream edge at 

 angles of 45 degrees at Brandon, and of 42 degrees at Kennerdell. 



From the above quotation we learn that the gravels are sporadic 

 and not continuous : that they have been disturbed by neither creep 

 nor landslide since their deposition and, since they extend " from 

 the river's edge," that the present channel was fully excavated 

 before their formation. Their appearance at Emlenton tells us 

 also that the col there was trenched to present stream level. 



A consideration of the topography of the region is essential to 

 the discussion. In the Brandon-Kennerdell area the 940-foot line 

 crosses the Allegheny stream-level i mile from the western end of 

 the trench at Foster, and the same distance west of Foster Station. 

 There is a 50-foot terrace of gravel at Foster. The 920-foot line 

 crosses the stream where Pine Hill Run enters the northern horn of 

 the ox-bow bend above Kennerdell, and over 2 miles north of Ken- 

 nerdell Station. At the Run mouth there is a steep stoss-side to the 

 Allegheny Valley on the left, and against which the torrent strikes 

 almost at right angles. This side rises from stream-level at an angle 

 of 45 degrees, with but a slight shelf on which the railroad is built. 

 The opposite side of the valley has the usual low slope, with a fine 

 terrace, and a high bar like those above described. At the top of 

 the steep stoss side there is a narrow level crest of the jidge about 

 which the stream winds. The elevation is 1,400 feet for 2 miles 

 from the end. From this runs downward the low slope on which 

 the Kennerdell gravels are found. The 900-foot line crosses the 

 stream i mile south of the southern horn of the Kennerdell ox-bow. 

 The gravels at Brandon come down to the level of 930 feet ; at Ken- 

 nerdell, about to 914 feet. 



The effect of the torrent from Foster upon the opposing valley 



