STEVENSON— INTERRELATIONS OF FOSSIL FUELS. 431 



roof, not the floor of the seams in their present position. In one 

 seam, upright stems stand on the coal, in the present floor, but origi- 

 nal roof. The note on Cannel is worth citing, as it indicates unusual 

 conditions in the area. There one finds in the upper seams of the 

 Ostrau as well as in the Karwin seams, lenses of cannel or of dense 

 cannel-like Brandschiefer, " Sklok " of the miners. Petrascheck 

 states that, as a rule, this is the top of coal seams ; he knows of only 

 one instance where it is at the bottom. This he regards as the ordi- 

 nary condition in coal regions, thus taking issue with Potonie, who 

 maintains that it occurs usualy at the bottom of seams. But in the 

 American coal areas, cannel is found' in any part of coal seams, just 

 as the analogous material is found in peat deposits. 



The Sattelflotz area, farther east, is thick, consisting mostly of 

 sandstone and arkose with intercalated beds of red sandstone. The 

 important coal seams have been correlated definitively with the main 

 seams of the same group in upper Silesia. The evidence was ob- 

 tained in three borings. Marine forms are present at 20 feet below 

 the Prokop (Pochhammer) seam and they mark the top of the 

 Ostrau. At Justin, the coals have local cannel in Hangend. Splen- 

 did, widespreading, branching Stigmaria are in the floor of the Ivan 

 seam, associated with sphaerosiderite. Seam II. has cannel-like 

 coal near the top, covered with black coal, underlying a shale with 

 marine mollusks. Erect Sigillaria were seen in the roof of the Her- 

 mann seam. 



At the Albrecht shaft, the Eugen seam has many prostrate as 

 well as erect stems in the roof and indistinct Stigmaria are in the 

 floor. Stur found pebbles in this coal. Long ago, Bartonic col- 

 lected from a dark shale in this seam a marine fauna, Nucida, Pleu- 

 rotomaria, and Orthoceras as well as Anthracomya. The Koks 

 seam contains plant-bearing concretions of iron stone and a layer of 

 shale with similar concretions rests directly on the coal ; it too has a 

 marine fauna. A sandstone near the Koks seam has so great 

 number of stems of Lepidodendron and Sigillaria that Petrascheck 

 regarded it as a strand formation. Pebbles were seen in the 

 younger Ostrau coals. They are numerous. in the Josefi coal, gran- 

 ite, porphyry and quartz; they are present also in the Kronprinz 

 seams but are smaller than in the other. Erect stems occur in the 



