438 STEVENSON— INTERRELATIONS OF FOSSIL FUELS. 



Ebersdorf, erect stems, probably Sagenaria, stand on the coal. At 

 Molka, he obtained Unio carhonarius from a clay containing ferns 

 and lycopods. 



Hungary. 



The coals of Hungary, ^^ confined to the Banat region, belong to 

 the highest part of the Upper Carboniferous and to the Rothlie- 

 gc-nde. They are unimportant and are present in four isolated dis- 

 tricts, Eibenthal-Ujbania at the east, Lupak-Gerlistye, Resicza- 

 Szekul and Zagradia at the west. The deposits in the Ujbania 

 district are exposed in an area of not more than 800 by 1,700 meters 

 and rest on gneiss and serpentine. Hantken's section, ascending, is 



(i) Fine-grained sandstone, micaceous, with many ill-preserved 

 plants, no ferns, but Stigmaria ficoides and Calmnites cystii, 10 to 

 15 meters; (2) Donau coal seam, 1.5 to 14 meters; (3) porphyry, 

 the immediate roof of the Donau and floor of the next seam, 30 to 

 50 meters ; (4) Wenzel coal seam, 20 to 40 meters ; (5) iron ore and 

 porcelain jasper, underlying the Rothliegende conglomerate. 



The Donau coal seam varies abruptly and frequently passes into 

 a bituminous clay shale, known as " Brand " ; when thick it is divided 

 by 16 to 50 inches parting and laminae of clay are so numerous in 

 the coal as .to make the product inferior ; but selected coal is good, 

 showing: water, 2.17; volatile matter, 14.64; fixed carbon, 79.75; 

 ash, 3.62 ; and sulphur rarely exceeds i per cent. The coal is tender 

 and the loss in mining is 50 per cent. The section at the Donau 

 mine is: (i) Clean coal, 0.32; (2) parting, 0.20; (3) less clean coal, 

 I meter ; (4) coaly shale, " Brand " 20 meters. This seam disap- 

 pears toward the west. 



The Wenzel seam yields harder coal than that from the Donau, 

 but it varies much in thickness and quality ; only the upper portion 

 is mined. The variation in thickness in both seams is so abrupt that 

 systematic mining is impossible and the coal is taken out wherever 

 it seems to be good. 



No workable seam has been found in the Upper Carboniferous 

 of the Lupak-Gerlistye district but the Rothliegende, consisting of 



33 M. Hantken, "Die Kohlenflotze, etc., der Ungarische Krone," 1878, 

 pp. 24-44. 



