STEVENSON— INTERRELATIONS OF FOSSIL FUELS. 61 



60 feet, are the Caroli, 2 to 3 feet, very irregular in thickness, but 

 its coal is much prized, as it is low in ash and clean, the bed being 

 without a parting. Jodahofer, 3 to 4 feet, is usually quite regular, 

 but at times the intervening rocks disappear and this unites with the 

 Caroli, the thickness increasing greatly and occasionally reaching 10 

 feet. Antoni, 2 to 2 feet 6 inches, is in 3 benches with clay partings, 

 each 2 inches. The coal is soft in top and bottom, but in the middle 

 bench it is hard. The roof is black slate, i foot, which burns well. 

 As described by Czjzek, it is a cannel-shale, a mud very rich in 

 organic matter. 



The coal is pitch-black, with bright luster and black-brown 

 streak. No woody structure is visible to the unaided eye. Occa- 

 sionally one finds pieces which retain the form of branches, but all 

 trace of fiber has disappeared. Analyzed by Schrotter, the composi- 

 tion is: Carbon, 74.84; hydrogen, 4.60; oxygen [and nitrogen], 

 20.56; water at 100° C, 6.57; ash, 6.92. Reasoning from this 

 analysis, Czjzek concludes that the character of a coal has some rela- 

 tion to its age. The Tertiary coal at Brennberg has only 60 to 70 

 per cent, of carbon, while that from the Lias at Fiinfkirchen has 85 

 to 86 of carbon and only 8 to 9 per cent, of oxygen. 



Passing over into Hungary, one finds, according to Hantken,^^ 

 important development of Cretaceous coals in the province of 

 Bakony and in the western mountains. The areas are insignificant 

 in comparison with those of the Lias, but the beds are little dis- 

 turbed, mining is simple and the output is large. The important 

 mines are near Ajka in Bakony, where the Cretaceous consists of 

 two marine formations separated by a fresh-water formation with 

 coal seams. The fauna contains some brackish-water forms but 

 fresh-water types predominate. There are at least 25 seams of coal, 

 of which one near the top and another near the bottom are work- 

 able. The upper or Bernstein Flotz is always divided into several 

 benches and the coal is inferior. In one part of a mine this bed is 

 2.93 meters thick with 4 benches of coal aggregating 1.70 of coal, 

 while in another part it is 2.43 meters thick and in 6 benches, but 

 the thickness of coal is practically the same, 1.72 meters. The lower 



13 M. Hantken, "Die Kohlenflotze und der Kohlenbergbau in der Landern 

 der ungarischen Krone," Budapest, 1878, pp. 174, 176-179, 197, 198. 



