STEVENSON— INTERRELATIONS OF FOSSIL FUELS. 59 



dant. The fauna is fresh-water. The flora at Osterwalde consists 

 of ferns, cycads and conifers, but two forms, an Anomozamites 

 and a Spirangium, are wanting there, though they are extraordinarily 

 abundant on the Diester. 



Hosius® discovered plant remains and fragments of coal in the 

 \\'ealden sandstone near Vreden in Westphalia about 35 miles west- 

 northwest from !Munster. 



The Upper Cretaceous is almost wholly marine in England, 

 France and western Germany, so that coal occurs rarely and in small 

 quantity ; but farther east, in Saxony, Bohemia, Silesia and Moravia, 

 the limestones and marls are replaced with sandstones at several 

 horizons and coal deposits are present, which in some areas have 

 much economic importance. 



The Lowenberg basin in southern Silesia is at about 25 miles 

 from the border of Saxony and Bohemia. According to Scupin,^ 

 the coal of this basin has been regarded as either stone or Pech coal; 

 it is deep black, lustrous and has conchoidal fracture, but gives a 

 very dark color to solution of caustic potash. It is of merely local 

 importance, as the greatest thickness is little more than a half meter, 

 yet at one time the annual output was 60,000 Centner. Near Klitts- 

 dorf , a sandy brown coal contains remains of wood ; near Lowen- 

 berg, coal, 6 inches thick, is exposed and lower down in the section 

 is a mass of coal and sand, containing 6 inches of good coal, but in 

 greatest part is mixture of coal and sand in about equal proportion ; 

 at another exposure the composition is clay and fragmentary coal. 

 Scupin thinks that this confused mass must be allochthonous and 

 suggests that it may represent a washed out swamp. Two lower 

 beds, 10 and 3 inches thick, were pierced in a boring and a notable 

 quantity of sphaerosiderite was found in the intervening rocks. 



The Cenomanian coal of Bohemia is usually unimportant. Nau- 

 mann says that the Lower Ouadersandstein occasionally contains 

 layers of clay shale rich in conifer and dicotyledonous remains, with 

 nests and layers of mostly unworkable coal. v. Andrian gives the 

 section obtained near Chrudim, about 60 miles east-southeast from 

 Prag: (i) Coarse sandstone, with fossils, 24 feet; (2) dark clay 



s Hosius, Zeitsch. d. d. Geo!. GcsclL, Vol. 12, i860, p. 61. 

 9 H. Scupin, " Die Entstehung der Niederschlesischer Senon-Kohlen," 

 Zeitsch. f. pr. Geologie, 1910, pp. 254-257. 



