EMERSON— RECURRENT TETRAHEDRAL DEFORMATIONS. 453 



strains and earthquakes, thus forming the festoon of outward- 

 curving chains along the east coast of Asia. Their curved out- 

 spreading fronts greatly resemble the curving frontal lobes of a 

 continental glacier. In several of these curves the rearland sunken 

 blocks are wanting and this rearland sinking can best be explained, 

 when it occurs, as a subsequent result of the stretching and not as 

 a cause of the mountain building. 



Angara Land by its great and elevated mass developed these 

 eastward-curving chains along its east border, aided by the deep 

 sinking and the eastward tendency of the Pacific bottom, and by 

 its westward lagging motion it brought its south border opposite the 

 deep Indian ocean bottom and made this the slope for the south- 

 ward-curving south Asian chains, and left the north border of 

 Australia facing the deep Pacific, thus making the northward slope 

 for the great northward curves of Oceanica. At the junction of 

 these three bands is the great virgation of southern Asia emphasized 

 by the three strange four-toed fault-bordered^ islands, Borneo, Cele- 

 bes, and Gilolo. 



It is the home of the tornado, the earthquake and of the great 

 lines of volcanoes like Krakatoa and Tomboro. It is the " Knoten 

 Punkt" of the earth for all natural phenomena, where plant and 

 animal life reach their most remarkable culmination and face each 

 other in the most remarkable contrasts across Wallace's line. 



In the same way the eastward movement of South America 

 enabled it to present its north shore to the deepest Atlantic and 

 formed the slope for the northward movement of the northward 

 curving Antilles while the compression of the great Pacific and the 

 small size of North America was sufficient to prevent the formation 

 of southward-moving curves in North America like the Himalayas 

 in Asia. 



The Northward Flow of the South European Chains 



The south Asian chains flow south as long as the Indian Ocean 



depression is before them and Angara Land behind them, but long 



before they come near the influence of the Mediterranean all the 



great chains between the Caucasus and the Pyrenees turn and flow 



° Hans V. Staff, Zeit. Deutsch. Ger. Gesell., 1911, p. 180. 



PROC. AMER. PHIL. SOC, VOL. LVI. DD, AUGUST 3, IQI?. 



