AND THE RECURRENCE OF WAR. 975 



And when the Bering Sea Fur Seal case was carried in 1893 to an 

 international court named ad hoc for judicial settlement, and that 

 case was followed a few years afterward by the submission, thanks 

 largely to President Cleveland, of the Venezula-British Guiana 

 boundary to another international tribunal constituted likewise ad 

 hoc, the hopes of humanity in the gradual abolition of war rose, and 

 those hopes rose still higher with the assembling at the call of the 

 Emperor Nicholas the Second of the First Hague Peace Confer- 

 ence asking for the limitation of armaments, although that was not a 

 fruit of the labors of the conference. 



The more that the subject of peace and war among nations is 

 examined, in the light of past and present events, the more apparent 

 it becomes that new forces must be developed to induce nations to 

 be willing to submit their causes of difference which diplomatic 

 means cannot solve to an international tribunal for solution. The 

 great dread of the loss and suft'ering brought on by war is sufficient 

 to induce nations in most cases where matters are involved that do 

 not affect their power and strength in the world to agree with their 

 rivals to submit such cases to some sort of international tribunals 

 for decision. But the dread of war is not sufficient to cause nations 

 to agree to seek a judicial solution concerning those questions which 

 do affect the future place and power in the world of nations. In 

 other words in cases of dispute involving the "place in the sun" 

 of nations it is hopeless, where it is uncertain which side is the 

 stronger, to hope for a submission of such cases to international 

 tribunals. International tribunals in their relations to nations have 

 not the compelling power behind them, as municipal courts have in 

 their relations to individuals, to force nations to appear at their 

 bar and abide by their judgments. In the present order of things 

 in the world, nations only take cases to international tribunals which 

 they are willing to submit to such courts ; there is as yet no force 

 devised to compel nations to appear before such tribunals as count- 

 less numbers of individuals are made to appear almost any day in 

 the municipal courts. 



In such questions of difference, as resulted in the Franco- 

 Prussian War of 1870-71, the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-78, the 



