282 FURNESS: OBSERVATIONS ON THE MENTALITY OF 



to bite. It survived four years and eight months. I obtained 

 another orang in 191 1, which Hved two and a half years in captivity, 

 but although gentle and affectionate it absolutely refused to be 

 educated. 



Two chimpanzees, each about a year old, absolutely untrained, 

 I bought from Cross, the animal dealer, in Liverpool in the autumn 

 of 1909. The first one died of pneumonia at the end of five months 

 when her intellect, which showed great promise, was just awaken- 

 ing. The second, which was imported for Dr. Witmer, spent her 

 first months in this country at his laboratory of psychology at the 

 university. After a severe attack of pneumonia she came out to my 

 place to convalesce in company with my orang-utans ; she has been 

 with me ever since and is the sole survivor of my four pupils. (I 

 mention these dry facts merely to indicate the material I have 

 worked with, the approximate ages of my pupils and the somewhat 

 limited extent of my experience. Frequently for weeks at a time 

 I have spent as much as six hours a day in their company, but this 

 is not one hundredth part enough.) 



In teaching articulate speech I found the first difficulty to be 

 overcome in both the orang and the chimpanzee is their lack of use 

 of lips or tongue in making their natural emotional cries. These 

 natural cries are almost entirely, I think I may say, head tones — 

 shrieks, squeals, or grunts, made for the greater part on inspiration. 

 They unquestionably have, however, distinctly different sounds to 

 indicate their simple emotions of fear, anger and joy. The orang in 

 one respect does use the lips, to make a sound indicating warning or 

 apprehension ; this sound is made with the lips pursed up and the 

 air sucked through them — an exaggerated and prolonged kissing 

 sound, followed by a grunting expiration and inspiration. Strange 

 to say, the chimpanzee seems to appreciate on hearing this sound 

 that danger is near, although it never makes this sound itself. When 

 uttering this warning, the hair of the head and shoulders bristles 

 up, but there is no showing of teeth or other signs of aggression. 

 My oldest orang would make this sound on command (I had merely 

 to say " What is the funny sound you make when you are fright- 

 ened?"). Their expression of pleasure, as I have heard it, is 

 several high-pitched squeaks made with the lips closed. Their ex- 



