CHIMPANZEES AND ORANG-UTANS. 283 



clamation of anger is a deep toned guttural grunt or bark much like 

 that of an angry hog-; I have heard this from the young orang-utan 

 and from the full-grown just recently captured. 



The chimpanzee indication of fear is a quick, high-pitched shriek 

 and a bark very like a dog. The exclamation of joy is really much 

 like laughter. The mouth is opened wide and the sound made is a 

 long drawn ah-a-a, with a rising inflection, this is followed by three 

 or four short, quick Ahs. A sound of greeting and friendliness is a 

 series of 00s made by rapid expiration and inspiration, and with 

 lips protruded, merely for the projection of the sound. My chim- 

 panzee when greeting friends at a distance amplifies this sound into 

 more or less of a shout of long-drawn high-pitched notes, which 

 when once started, apparently, must be kept up to a logical conclu- 

 sion ; I have been impelled on many occasions to put my hand over 

 her mouth to subdue the noise but the shout will still continue forced 

 through my fingers while she looks up at me compassionately as one 

 having no ear for melody. Contentment over food seems to be 

 expressed by grunts very much like a young pig. 



If these animals have a language it is restricted to a very few 

 sounds of a general emotional signification. Articulate speech they 

 have none and communication with one another is accomplished by 

 vocal sounds to no greater extent than it is by dogs, with a growl, 

 a whine, or a bark. They are, however, capable to a surprising 

 degree of acquiring an understanding of human speech. 



In the case of the orang-utan it took at least six months of daily 

 training to teach her to say " Papa." This word was selected not 

 only because it is a very primitive sound, but also because it com- 

 bined two elements of vocalization to which orang-utans and chim- 

 panzees are, as I have said, unaccustomed, namely : the use of lips 

 and an expired vowel sound. The training consisted of a repetition 

 of the sounds for minutes at a time, while the ape's lips were 

 brought together and opened in imitation of the movements of my 

 lips. I also went through these same maneuvers facing a mirror 

 with her face close to mine that she might see what her lips were 

 to do as well as feel the movement of them. At the end of about 

 six months, one day of her own accord, out of lesson time, she said 

 " Papa " quite distinctly and repeated it on command. Of course, I 



