HILL— WORLD ORGANIZATION. 325 



cial decision, biU the total abolition of the separate use of force, 

 and the agreement that, in case of a refusal to observe treaties or 

 to obey the rules and judgments imposed, the other members of the 

 alliance should compel a refractory sovereign to comply by arming 

 unitedly against him, and charging to his account the expense of this 

 forcible constraint. And it was during Napoleon Bonaparte's con- 

 quest of Italy, that Immanuel Kant wrote his famous essay on 

 " Eternal Peace." 



The Extension of Constitutionalism. 



It is quite natural, therefore, that we should at this particular time 

 experience a new interest in the problem of world organization ; for 

 it is evident, not only that all the devices hitherto proposed for secur- 

 ing international justice through legal procedure have thus far failed 

 of accomplishing their purpose, but that the rescue of civilization 

 from complete destruction depends upon some new relation to be es- 

 tablished between force and law. 



It is possible for almost any intelligent man familiar with modern 

 constitutions to construct upon paper a plan of international organi- 

 zation that most other intelligent men would probably agree was 

 worthy of universal adoption, and which some intelligent men would 

 even afifirm ought to be forcibly imposed upon all mankind by a 

 union of constitutional states. 



Some of us have hoped that the development of constitutional 

 government throughout the world, if it had not already reached that 

 point, would soon advance so far as to render it possible for states 

 founded upon constitutional principles voluntarily to extend the 

 application of them, so that they might become operative between 

 states as well as within their separate jurisdictions; for this is all 

 that would be required to establish a constitution of civilization that 

 would not efface or suppress the idea of nationality, but merely 

 recognize all responsible states, great and small, as juridical persons, 

 bound by their own structural principles to admit their limitations, 

 their responsibilities, and their amenability, as local organs of justice, 

 to that greater organism of which they would form a part. 



