PATTEN— COOPERATION AS A FACTOR IN EVOLUTION. 529 



in evolution, because of their extraordinary cooperative value and 

 their power to create new instruments of conveyance, or to reach 

 new sources of power. 



VI. 



In the administration of the outer life of the individual, the same 

 laws of growth prevail as in the inner life. That is, group growth, 

 or increase, in the number of individuals follows the easiest lines of 

 conveyance (of supplies to individuals, or of individuals to supplies) 

 and the products of growth accumulate, provincially, along the lines 

 of least resistance. 



And the individual itself is subject to the same law of cooperation 

 as are its own internal constituents. It cannot endure except in so 

 far as the new problems in the external administration of its life, 

 that are raised by increase in numbers, are solved by the use of better 

 methods of cooperation with other individuals and with the physical 

 conditions outside itself. But the very power essential to that end 

 is the power whith is created within the individual by its methods 

 of internal organic cooperation between muscles, and nerves, and 

 other organs. Thus there are five principal methods of coopera- 

 tion essential to the evolution of life: (i) Cosmic cooperation; (2) 

 internal organic cooperation; (3) external cooperation of the indi- 

 vidual with its physical surroundings; (4) external cooperation of 

 individuals with one another (internal social cooperation) ; and (5) 

 cooperation of groups, or classes, of individuals, such as plants and 

 animals, or different nationalities, with one another (external social 

 cooperation). 



VII. 



While the chief gain, result, or end in life is the perpetuation and 

 aggrandizement of the individual unit, there are two distinct and 

 mutually supplementary methods, in the long run, of attaining that 

 end, namely: for the individual (i) to take all it can get, and (2) to 

 give all it has ; because thereby a larger product is attainable than 

 can be attained by any individual alone, and because the welfare of 

 the individual is better assured through the larger unit of which it is 

 a cooperative part, than it is by its own unaided efforts. 



