510 HAUPT— AN ANCIENT PROTEST [April 22, 



may be supposed, the orange-colored berry of the mandrake which 

 is still regarded as an aphrodisiac and supposed to promote concep- 

 tion; see my paper on Jonah's Whale in vol. xlvi. of these Proceed- 

 ings (Philadelphia, 1907), p. 152, n. 4. In Genesis, xxx., 14, the 

 mandrakes are called in Hebrew: duda'hn, that is, love-apples. The 

 fruit of the mandrake is quite round and of the size of a large plum ; 

 it resembles a small tomato. The largest berries have a diameter of 

 ilA in. (nearly 4 cm.). The idea that the forbidden fruit was a 

 fruit from which an intoxicating drink was prepared is untenable ; 

 contrast Cheyne's article in the eleventh edition of the Encyclopcvdia 

 Britannica, vol. i., p. 168". In the article on mandrake, vol. xvii., 

 p. 566% there are five misprints in the five letters of the Heb. 

 word duda'hn; similarly there are two misprints in the three letters 

 of the Arabic name for Egypt, vol. ix., p. 41''. The new edition is 

 marred by a great many misprints and inaccuracies, not only in 

 Oriental words, but also in the English text. 



■^ Garden is often used for pudendum niulieris; see Haupt, The 

 Book of Micah (Chicago, 1910), p. 62, n. 9. 



®Eden means pleasure, delight; Heb. gan-'edn denotes a pleasure- 

 ground. Damascus, the earthly paradise of the Arabs, is called in 

 Amos, i., 5: Bct-'edn, House of Pleasure; see my remarks in 

 Peiser's OricntaUstische Literatur.zeitung, June, 1907, col. 306. 

 The Greek Bible has for Heb. ga>i-'edn in Genesis, iii., 23, 24: 

 o TrapaSeio-o^; tt}? Tpv<f)}]<; ; the \'ulgate : paradisns voluptatis. The 

 reading a garden in Eden in Genesis, ii., 8 seems to be a subsequent 

 modification introduced by some one who connected Heb. 'edn with 

 the Babylonian edinn^^SnmQr'mn edin, desert; he may have re- 

 garded Paradise as an oasis in the desert like Damascus ; cf. 

 Pinches' note in the Proceedings of the Society of Biblical Archce- 

 ology, London, June 14, 191 1, p. 161. Damascus means settlement 

 in a zi'dl-zvatered region; the original form of the name was Ddr- 

 masql; see my remarks in the American Journal of Semitic Lan- 

 guages, vol. xxvi., p. 26. 



'* See Deuteronomy, i., 39; Isaiah, vii., 16; cf. the translation of 

 Isaiah, in the Polychrome Bible, p. ii, 1. 25; p. 141, n. 16. 



" To know good and evil has about the same meaning as our 

 phrase to cut one's eye-teeth. 



