70 



WALTER S. HUNTER 



are forced to conclude in favor of an intra-organic factor. The 

 possibility of a temporal series of habits was eliminated by 

 control tests. Neither orientation nor any distinctive motor 

 attitude could be detected in the children or in at least 25% of 

 the responses of the raccoons. The after-image hypothesis is 

 entirely inadequate when orientation is faulty. In those reac- 

 tions of the raccoons resulting from wrong orientations, the 

 percentage of correctness was so great as to eliminate the possi- 

 bility of chance. The nature and mechanism of this factor 

 will be discussed in subsequent sections. 



5. The following table (XIII) summarizes the cues used by 

 the different reagents. P.C. (possible cue) means that the 

 reagents so listed may have used that cue at times. N.C. 

 (necessary cue) means that the reagents so listed had to use 

 that cue or fail in a significant number of their reactions. R 

 stands for rats; D, for dogs; RA, for raccoons; and CH, for 

 children. For convenience of reference a classification is made 



TABLE XIII 

 Cues Used by the Re- agents 



in this table of those reagents that may have guided their re- 

 action by ideas. This phase of the table will not be clear until 

 the final section on the Place of Ideas in the Grades of Animal 

 Learning is read. 



(b) The mechanism by which internal cues guide behavior. — As 

 already indicated the mechanism of orientation attitudes pre- 

 sents no difficulties. The light stimulus arouses the proper act. 

 This inhibited act persists unchanged so far as its essentials 

 are concerned during the delay. At the moment of release the 

 animal runs in the direction of its orientation. This tendency 

 of responding in conformity with orientation is natural and 



