DELAYED REACTION 15 



stimuli, X, y, and z, e.g., are made prominent by directing the 

 animal's attention to them. These stimuli occur in connection 

 with one another and with certain movements, kinaesthetically 

 reported, and are followed by the acquisition of food. What 

 could be more natural, then, than that the cognizance of the 

 stimuli should set off the associated movements? The behavior 

 noted by Cole bears out this contention. All four raccoons, 

 both the pair put through and the pair not put through, solved 

 the problem of escaping from the box (No. 4) by working the 

 fastenings at one trial in one manner and at another in another 

 fashion.^" This need mean no more than that several responses, 

 as opposed to a fixed series, might follow upon certain stimuli. 

 This would be a higher type of behavior, to be sure, than where 

 only one response was given, but it would not therefore involve 

 a new t}^e of conscious process. " If the act which he (the 

 raccoon) is put through is the one which will remain the easiest 

 and the most convenient for him throughout the tests, irre- 

 spective of his position in the box, he will never vary from it. 

 If not, he will employ your act when his position makes it con- 

 venient and he is looking at the latch you began with."^' We 

 are not told whether the raccoon learned which was the easiest 

 way by trial and error or not. But it is to be inferred from 

 the behavior of raccoon No. 2 that such was the case.^- The 

 behavior thus described is interesting, but entirely inadequate 

 as far as the presence of imagery is concerned. It may well 

 be that "animals which, so far as we know at present, are 

 utterly unable to learn save by innervating their own muscles ' ' 

 are devoid of ideas, without its following that if this type of 

 learning is present, the animal possesses imagery. Hence assum- 

 ing the facts that Thorndike and Cole present to be unquestion- 

 able, it need only follow that the -raccoon exhibits more com- 

 plex sensori-motor behavior than the dog and the cat, and 

 not that it shows a new type of behavior, i.e., a type of behavior 

 involving the functional presence of a representative factor. 



Cole adduces further evidence for the presence of imagery. ^^ 

 These may be listed as he himself presented them: (a) Recog- 

 nition of objects; (b) forgetting; (c) variability; (d) associa- 



30 Op. cit., p. 243. 

 3' Op. cit., pp. 245-6. 

 =2 Op. cit., p. 246. 

 53 Op. cit., p. 251, S. 



