16 WALTER S. HUNTER 



tion by similarity; (e) reluctance and expectancy; (f) varying 

 means to the same end, and (g) reactions to colors presented 

 in a temporal series, (c was treated under 7, above.) Most 

 of these arguments can be dismissed summarily. It should 

 never be forgotten that although almost any type of behavior 

 may involve imagery, the comparative psychologist is seeking 

 for behavior whose explanation requires the assumption of such 

 a function, even under the law of parsimony. Is the determin- 

 ing sensory stimulus present or absent at the moment of re- 

 sponse ? If it is present, why should the animal use a represen- 

 tative factor? These are the questions that every investigation 

 as to the presence of images in animal consciousness must face. 



8. Recognition 



It seems to me extremely obvious that the fact of the recog- 

 nition of a food bottle need not be interpreted as presupposing 

 imagery. In fact it is hard to understand how imagery would 

 function in such a situation! Recognition of this type does not 

 necessarily imply memory or the dating of an experience in 

 one's past. On this basis all animals must be granted the pos- 

 session of images. 



9. Rate of Forgetting 



The fact that some of the raccoons forgot the solution of 

 the boxes after an interval of three days does indeed indicate, 

 as Cole claims, that automatisms had not been set up. But 

 one must not infer therefore that images were involved. There 

 is no factual support for the assumption that imaginal forgetting 

 is more rapid than sensory. The same is true of the variable 

 nature of the raccoons' behavior discussed above. This very 

 probably indicates a high order of adjustive ability on the 

 sensori-motor level, but not necessarily an "imaginative" ad- 

 justment. Mere variability of response is present in all animals. 

 Do all animals, then, possess images? 



10. Association by Similarity 



"Association by similarity," or the fact that a raccoon will 

 attack a certain fastening even after its location in the box 

 has been changed, when contrasted with the activity of cats" 



3" Cole, L. W. Op. cit., p. 253. 



