DELAYED REACTION 17 



and rats^* that attack the old position rather than the old fasten- 

 ing, proves for raccoons only the superior importance of "ob- 

 jects," — or the form, size and quality aspects of the stimulus, — 

 over kinaesthetic space controls, i.e., the position aspects of the 

 stimulus. In addition, it should be noted that Davis in his 

 study of raccoons^' obtained data of the opposite nature. His 

 animals would claw at the spot where the fastening had been. 

 But aside from all this, I see no reason why "association by 

 similarity ' ' should not be purely perceptual and hence be simply 

 a t^^e of recognition. As a matter of fact, all animals have 

 responses (instinctive reactions for example) that are applied 

 to classes of objects. Someone also has well said that animals, 

 in cases like the present ones, simply fail to see the difference 

 between two objects and hence react as though the two were 



the same. 



11. Reltjctancy and Expectancy 



Is the "reluctancy" or the "expectancy" which appears to 

 be manifested in an animal's behavior toward a difficult and an 

 easy box respectively to be taken as evidence of the presence 

 of imagery? Cole, e.g., says "no one who saw the animals 

 resist being put into a box failed to credit them with a rather 

 distinct memory of the difficulty of escape. "^"^ By "distinct 

 memor}'" Cole undoubtedly means an imaginal process. But 

 do the facts prove this? Is the case not perfectly amenable to 

 a "stimulus and response" explanation? The raccoon has asso- 

 ciated a certain box with a certain displeasure until the presen- 

 tation of the box arouses immediately the negative reaction. 

 The raccoon may have had images of his previous experiences, 

 but the facts do not prove it. One does not need images to 

 explain this behavior any more than to explain a child's refusal 

 to take a second dose of bitter medicine. 



12. Varying Meaxs to the Same End 

 The data presented by Cole under the heading "varying 

 means to the same end" are just as inconclusive as that pre- 

 sented above, although they are more suggestive. We have 

 here the activity of four raccoons directed toward entering a 



^^ Richardson, Florence. A Study of the Sensory Control in the Rat. Psych. 

 Rev. Mon. Supp., vol. 12, 1909, p. .38, e.g. 



5° Davis. H. B. The Raccoon: a Study in Animal Intelligence. Amer. Jour. 

 Psych., vol. 18, 1907, p. 470. 



3«^0p. cit., p. 253. 



