DELAYED REACTION 43 



on the floor with her head pointed, usually, toward the light. 

 But she did not lie quietly. The long delay seemed very trying. 

 Blackie would whine, wdggle her body and pat the floor with her 

 fore paws in a fever of impatience, — yet never change the align- 

 ment of her body. Many times the dog held her orientation 

 almost until the last second of delay and then if, when the 

 release came, her head was (apparently) not more than half 

 an inch to the right of its earlier position, she went in that 

 direction and consequently went to the-wTong box. Surely this 

 is weighty evidence against the functional presence of any 

 higher processes. Everything points to the conclusion that 

 Blackie 's reactions were determined by the orientation of her 

 head at the moment of release. 



It has just been indicated that the maintenance of an orien- 

 ation either of all or a part of the body was necessary in the 

 case of the rats and dogs, if their reactions were to succeed. 

 Such was not the case with the raccoons. Each of these ani- 

 mals could react successfully when the wrong orientation was 

 held at the moment of release and when, so far as the experi- 

 menter could detect, no part of the animal's body remained 

 constant during the interval of delay. The evidence in support 

 of this generalization is perfectly conclusive. It is only pos- 

 sible — and necessary — to present typical cases here. I use Jack 

 as an illustration, although he did not delay as long as Bob. 



In Jack's first 800 trials of delays, 77 were wrong. In 7 of 

 these 77, the raccoon had the wrong bodily orientation, but 

 did not follow it. On 12 trials, he had the right orientation, 

 but did not follow it. On 58 trials, he had the wrong orienta- 

 tion and followed it. Of the 723 correct reactions, 167 were 

 made starting with wTong orientations. , 



In the following 1066 trials, 149 reactions were incorrect. 

 This group of trials extends from a period of 8 sec. delays at 

 which 75% was made through a series at 11 sees, where 91% 

 was made. Forty-one errors were made when the wrong orien- 

 tation was held but was not followed. Thirty-seven w'ere made 

 when the right orientation was held. Seventy-one were made 

 when the wrong orientation was held and followed. Out of 

 the 917 correct trials. Jack reacted 309 times correctly when 

 his orientation was wrong. 



It is interesting to note that almost one-fourth of the last 



