40 WALTER S. HUNTER 



of all or part of its body during the interval of delay, i.e., it 

 may keep its head or even its whole body pointing toward a 

 certain box. (2) There would be the negative side of this, 

 where the experimenter could detect no orientation cues used 

 by the animal. In this case, no observable part of the animal's 

 body would remain in a constant position. (3) The animals 

 might rely upon position in. the box for their cues, i.e., they 

 might actually go nearer to one box than to the others and 

 then wait to be released. (4) Any combination of these three 

 methods might occur. The discussion of methods i and 2 

 (orientation and non-orientation cues) will be combined and 

 will be followed by a consideration of method 3. The actual 

 existence of method 4 will be considered as occasion demands. 



(a) Orientation of whole or part of body. — In addition to 

 what was given above in the section on method concerning 

 orientation, it will be well to make such additional comment 

 here as will indicate clearly the nature of the data secured. 

 Great pains were taken to insure accuracy and consistency in 

 the recording of orientations. Needless to say in such pro- 

 longed tests as the present ones, the experimenter soon becomes 

 expert in deciding whether an animal's movements are to be 

 interpreted as a change in orientation. Before an animal has 

 been tested long, the experimenter can pick out a certain range 

 of movement and call this the orientation toward a certain box. 

 The animal (dogs excepted) was in constant motion, but so 

 long as its activity was directed toward any one face of the re- 

 lease box, the orientation was recorded as unchanged. There 

 would seem to be some chance for doubtful cases when the 

 animal was pointed halfway between any two boxes. These 

 cases were never counted as changes in orientation. Record 

 was kept not only of the body position, but of whether any 

 observable part of the animal remained in a constant position 

 during the delay. Further note was taken of the gross amount 

 of the loss of orientation — i.e., whether the animal turned clear 

 around or not ; and if not, then how far around — ^and of just 

 which reactions were preceded by apparently identical orien- 

 tations. The data were recorded quickly and easily by the use 

 of symbols. 



Every rat at the morfient of release, went ia the direction of 

 his bodily orientation in qq cases out of 100. (At times this 



