4 HARRY MILES JOHNSON 



ently take up, asserts also that dogs which after operation made 

 no such responses as Munk chose as criteria, could yet discrim- 

 inate accurately between tones and between chords. Assuming 

 that Kalischer's dogs were reacting only to auditory stimuli — 

 of which fact there is room for doubt — this objection to Munk's 

 method would be fatal. 



Kalischer^ reported in February, 1907, some experiments 

 which he had carried on for the purpose of testing the relation 

 between the temporal cortex and tone-perception. He purposed 

 particularly to test experimentally the conclusion of Munk re- 

 garding the specialized function of this area. 



The number and ages of the animals used is not reported, but 

 they were chosen from at least six different breeds. Kalischer 

 trained his dogs to take food upon the soiinding of a given tone 

 and to refrain from seizing it upon the sounding of any other. 

 The food was either held in the experimenter's hand before the 

 dog or laid on a chair by which the experimenter stood. 



The tones were sounded first on the organ used by Munk, 

 which contained nine pipes — the octaves from C^ to c'. Later 

 he substituted the piano and still later the harmonium, finding 

 the latter best suited to his purposes. 



The daily tests on each animal were arranged about as fol- 

 lows : Kalischer struck a certain tone and as long as it sounded 

 fed the animal bits of meat from the hand. In the first two 

 daily experiments he sounded only the one food-tone, so that 

 he might accustom the animal to being fed at the sound. " From 

 about the third day on," he says, "I struck now and then 

 another tone, and while it sounded I held the bit of meat in the 

 closed hand, so that the animal could not reach it and had to 

 content himself with sniffing at my hand." Then he caused the 

 food-tone to sound again and fed the animal bits of meat, one 

 after the other as long as the sound lasted. In all his tests 

 thereafter, he "struck besides the food-tone other 'Gegentone' 

 and at the latter prevented the animal from seizing the food." 



Kalischer does not say in what order the respective stimuli 

 were given. The expression "now and then (zwischendurch) " 

 is far less definite than one should desire or expect. As previous 



' Kalischer, Otto. Zur Function der Schlaeffenlappens des fGrosshirns. 

 Eine neue Horpriifungsmethode bei Hvinden; zugleich ein Beitrag zur Dressur 

 als physiologischer Untersuchungsmethode. Sitz. der K. Preuss. Akad. d. Wis- 

 schfln. 1907, pp. 204 ff. 



