DELAYED REACTION 5 



holding to it, must thrust a hand up inside and pull the string, 

 thereby releasing the small door in the top of the cage and 

 allowing food which had been placed on it to fall to the floor. 

 He must then descend to the floor to get the food." " After 

 the imitator's attention is focused upon the hole at the chute's end 

 due to the action of the imitatee, what is more natural than 

 that it should jump to the chute? The hole has "caught its 

 eye" before the jump, so the hand goes in almost reflexly, as 

 refiexly closes about the string and pulls. Food falls and is 

 eaten. If the animal is attentive to the movements during the 

 performance, the chances are that it will henceforth succeed.' 



2. Use of Tools 



A second argument for the presence of ideas is the use of 

 tools by animals. In view of the fact that such behavior has 

 at times been exclusively claimed for man, students of animal 

 behavior have long sought for conclusive evidence on this ques- 

 tion.* We shall take typical data presented by Hobhouse for 

 consideration. This will also lead to an understanding of that 

 author's attitude on the question of images. Hobhouse treats 

 such behavior largely under the heading "Articulate Ideas." 

 An example will best lead us to an understanding of his posi- 

 tion. The animals used were monkeys, one a Rhesus and the 

 other a chimpanzee. The latter had already learned to throw 

 a rug over food placed at a distance in order to rake in the 

 latter. He was then taught to substitute a stick for the rug. 

 Quotations from the author will now indicate the animal's prog- 

 ress. " Next day, the chimpanzee learnt to use a short stick 

 in order to reach a larger one, with which in turn he could reach 

 the banana." « "One day I gave him a rope with a noose to 

 throw over the box in place of his stick." (The banana was 

 placed in a cigar box.) " I did not give him any hint, but he 

 soon tried it in a vague way. He did not, however, understand 

 the matter very well, for when he succeeded in getting the 



* Op. cit., p. 355. 



' Vide Hobhouse, L. T. Mind in Evolution. London, 1901, p. 202 for place 

 of accident in learning. 



* Lindsay, W. Lauder. Mind in the Lower Animals in Health and Disease. 

 London, 1879, vol. I, chaps. 23 and 24. 



Hobhouse, L. T. Op. cit., chap. 10. 

 Also many recent studies in imitation. 



* Op. cit., p. 236. 



