6 WALTER S. HUNTER 



rope round the box, he did not seem aware of his advantage, 

 flung it away, went off for his shawl, and used it very success- 

 fully. I then tied a block of wood to the rope to assist in throw- 

 ing it. He attempted this spontaneously, at first without suc- 

 cess. Presently, however, he happened to pitch the block right 

 into the box, which today was open, pulled it in, and got the 

 banana. Notwithstanding this signal success, he never took to 

 this trick." 1" "In the experiment to which I have already 

 referred, when the box was tied to a rope, the further end of 

 which was passed over a stanchion several feet from the cage, 

 he failed, as I shall mention later, to find the right method, 

 but was fertile in devising wrong ones. He would shake the 

 rope violently, so that the banana would fall out of the box. 

 He would then swing the rope to and fro, swishing the banana 

 about from side to side, until by degrees it would come within 

 his reach, in a way which I should have thought beforehand to 

 be quite impossible."" "In these tests," says Hobhouse, "it 

 w^as necessary that [the monkeys] should grasp how the stick 

 and the food stood in relation to them; that they should get 

 the stick at the food and beyond it." '' "A form of 'analogical 

 extension ' is also strongly marked in the use of substitutes 

 differing very widely in appearance and the manner of use 

 from the object first employed." " These illustrations of the 

 use of tools are examples and proofs of the existence in monkeys 

 of what Hobhouse means by the practical judgment, where artic- 

 ulate ideas are employed.'* The author explains articulate ideas 

 as follows: "By a more articulate idea, is meant one in which 

 comparatively distinct elements are held in a comparatively 

 distinct relation." '^ The nature of the practical judgment is 

 set forth as follows; "It is more than assimilation, because 

 what is revived is an idea, a definite reference to something 

 unperceived. It is more than association, because relation be- 

 tween the 'revived' idea and the given perception is an essen- 

 tial part of it, and it is less than analytic thought, because the 

 relations involved are not dissected out as distinct elements in 



'»0p. c 

 '1 Op. c 

 >2 Op. c 

 " Op. c 

 '' Op. c 

 '5 Op. c 



it., pp. 237-8. 

 It., p. 238. 

 it., p. 241. 

 it., pp. 241-2. 

 t., p. 269. 

 ,t., p. 234. 



