12 HARRY MILES JOHNSON 



and that different end-organs and different centers are involved 

 for each. The center for noise he locates in the temporal lobe, 

 the afferent pathway to which passes through the posterior 

 corpora quadrigemina. The end-organ he leaves indeterminate. 

 On the other hand, he considers that the cochlea contains the 

 end-organs for tone ; and that the center for tone is infra-cortical 

 and even below the posterior coipora quadrigemina, since the 

 only known auditory pathways to the cortex pass through them. 

 On the behavior side Kalischer concludes that we must attribute 

 to the dog an exceedingly fine sensitivity to absolute pitch. 



That the defects in his behavior method set forth above render 

 unwarranted all the conclusions which he draws from his data, 

 seems to me clearly evident. 



In the foregoing pages has been attempted a rather extensive 

 criticism of Kalischer 's work. This to some readers may seem 

 overdone. But to me it seems necessary as well as just, because 

 he has set the pattern for subsec[uent work by other investi- 

 gators ^^ whose methods have been of the same general type. 

 His work has commanded praise from certain physiologists, as 

 well as from students ^' in other fields to whom some of the 

 difficulties involved in a reliable experimental test in audition 

 are evidently unfamiliar. It seems proper here to suggest that 

 Kalischer would hardly have adopted so crude a method and 

 relied so uncritically on the results obtained from its use, had 

 he first familiarized himself with the previous investigations in 

 comparative psychology and animal behavior. That he is un- 

 acquainted with modern behavior methods is indicated by his 

 claim to authorship of the food-stimulus method. He would 

 hardly have advanced such a claim had he been familiar with the 

 work done by Lloyd Morgan, Thorndike, Small, Franz, Yerkes 

 and Watson, all of whom and many others had been using the 

 food-stimulus method for years. The method certainly has 

 great antiquity. After this point had been raised against him 

 " he repeated the claim in subsequent writings. 



^^ Swift, W. B. Demonstration eines Hundes dem beide Schlaefenlappen 

 extirpiert worden sind. Neurol. Centbl., xxix, pp. 686 ff. 

 Also RoTHMANN, l.c, above. 



^' e. g. Bentley, I. M. Psychological Bulletin, April 15, 1912. 

 • ^^ Franz, S. I. Dressurmethode f. Zentralnervensystemuntersuchungen. 

 Zentbl. /. Physiol, 1907, pp. 583 f. See also Kalisclier's reply immediately fol- 

 lowing. Also Watson, J. B. Psychological Bulletin, 1908. 



