6 STEVENSON— INTERRELATIONS OF FOSSIL FUELS. 



rine Shale Series at Cloiighton Wyke has vertical Equisctites in 

 sandy shale and, at base, a false-bedded sandstone as in the area 

 south from Scarborough. 



Judd^" has given the section of a pit at Ufford, Northampton, 

 in the Lower Estuarine sands, which shows a thin seam of lignite, 

 below which are 3 feet of purplish clay and 3 feet of sand, both of 

 which contain plant remains in vertical position ; he considers that 

 the manner of occurrence indicates that the plants are in situ, and 

 that they were embedded by quiet deposition as they stood. Ken- 

 dalF^ states as result of study of clays along the Yorkshire coast, 

 that every coal seam examined by him rests on a root bed. 



The resemblance of the Estuarine Series to the Carboniferous 

 Coal Measures has been emphasized by several observers ; the 

 resemblance to those of the Cretaceous is equally marked. The 

 deposits were laid down in shallow water at many horizons within 

 the Oolite. Ramsay^- and his associates observed that, in their 

 district, there is much false-bedding in both the Great and the In- 

 ferior Oolite as well as in the Forest Marble, which has many frag- 

 mentary fossils in its sandy layers. Even the deposits containing 

 marine forms frequently give evidence of deposition in shallow 

 water. Scrope^^ reported that many layers of the Forest Marble 

 Beds (Great Oolite) in the neighborhood of Bath are rippled and 

 that they show impressed footprints of various types. Those layers 

 contain rolled fragments of shells, corals, echini, etc., and exhibit 

 the characteristic features of a shore deposit. According to Lyell, 

 rippled bands of Oolite are known in broad areas and are utilized 

 for roofing. 



The Lias of England is without coal, though at some localities 



jetified wood is abundant. The soils of vegetation in Yorkshire 



were described by Conybeare and Phillips :^* Conybeare stated that 



" J. W. Judd, " The Geology of Rutland," Mem. Gcol. Survey, 1875, pp. 

 104, 105. 



11 P. F. Kendall, in letter of May 27, 1917. 



12 A. C. Ramsay, W. T. Aveline, E. Hull, "Geology of Parts of Wilt- 

 shire and Gloucestershire," Mem. Geol. Survey, 1858, pp. 10, 12, 14. 



^3 G. P. Scrope, " On the Rippled Markings of the Forest Marble Beds," 

 Proc. Geol. Soc, Vol. i, 1834, p. 317. 



i*W. D. Conybeare, "Outlines of the Geology of England and Wales," 

 1822, p. 272 ; J. Phillips, " Geology of Yorkshire," 1835, p. 66. 



