24 STEVENSON— INTERRELATIONS OF FOSSIL FUELS. 



usually is of little value. The influx of foreign matter into the 

 petty swamps was too great to permit accumulation of clean coal ; 

 but root-bearing underclays and soils of vegetation without coal are 

 characteristic features, v. GiimbeP* states that Lettenkohle from 

 Guildorf in Wiirtemberg and Schweinfurt in Franken gives a weak 

 brown tint to solution of caustic potash ; it is easily decomposed by 

 Schultze's solution and woody structure is distinct in the residue. 

 Rhastic coal from near Bayreuth reacts to Schultze's solution as 

 does Lettenkohle. Many layers of this coal appear to consist almost 

 wholly of pollen exines. 



Austria. — An important area of Triassic coals is in Upper and 

 Lower Austria ; these belong to the Lunzer beds of the Upper 

 Keuper. A less important area is in Siidtirol, where coal is in the 

 Wengener beds at the base of the Keuper. 



The Upper Keuper area was studied by Lipoid'"*^ and his associates. 

 The Triassic deposits are in the interior of the northeastern Alps and 

 they have suffered more from disturbance than have the Liassic 

 beds of that region. Lipoid reports that near Baden, on the eastern 

 side of the area, the coal and shale are so crushed and intermingled 

 that definite sections cannot be made and that all attempts to obtain 

 merchantable coal have failed. No mollusks were seen but Calami- 

 tes arenaceus and Pterophyllum longifolinm are not rare. 



Hertle found only unimportant seams in the Lunzer sandstones 

 near Ramsau; but in Kleinzell, where the sandstone is much dis- 

 torted, 3 thin seams were seen, all marked by extreme variations 

 in thickness, which seem to be due to compression during folding. 

 At Lilienfeld on the Traissen River, the dip is from 40 to 70 degrees 

 and the coal seams, being between sandstones, have been distorted 

 seriously. The thickness of one seam varies from one inch to 9 

 feet within a short distance. The Lunzer sandstone is distinctly of 

 freshwater origin in this district, but it is between the Opponitzer 

 above and the Goslinger below, both of them calcareous and con- 

 taining marine fossils. The workable coal seams, 4 and 2 feet thick, 



3* C. W. V. Gumbel, " Beitrage, etc.," p. 160. 



35 M. V. Lipoid, G. V. Sternbach, J. Rachoy, and L. Hertle, " Das Kohlen- 

 gebiet in den Nordostlichen Alpen," Jahr. k. k. Geol. Rcichs., Band 15, 1865, 

 pp. 62-159. 



