STEVENSON— INTERRELATIONS OF FOSSIL FUELS. 19 



Going westward from Ipswich along the railway to Toowoomba, 

 one reaches lower members of the formation, which have seams of 

 cannel at many localities ; the associated rocks are sandstone and 

 shale. A thick seam on Blackfellow's Creek shows ( i ) coal, i foot ; 

 (2) fireclay, i foot; (3) coal, 6 feet; (4) white clay, i foot; (5) 

 coal, I foot; (6) clay shale, i foot; (7) coal, i foot; (8) a thick 

 bed of fireclay and shale. The coal in all benches is hard cannel, 

 so that the whole of it is available. There are some seams of bi- 

 tuminous coal, caking, in this region but they are thin. Near Clifton 

 station on this railway, a shaft cut three seams at 60, 80 and 100 

 feet from the surface. The lowest is a rich, very hard " oil coal " ; 

 the middle seam yields good caking coal and the highest, 4 to 5 feet 

 thick, consists of bright bituminous to dead-black " oil coal," all 

 being hard and tough. From the description, it would appear that 

 the cannel is in lenses within the bituminous coal. The town of 

 Warwick is on an outcrop of sandstone, which holds a great quan- 

 tity of fossil wood, usually replaced with iron ore. The coal be- 

 tween Warwick and Walloon is mostly cannel, which yields a high 

 percentage of gas or of oil and paraffin. 



The only mollusk recognized is Unio. Vcrtehraria is in the un- 

 derclay of a coal seam near Tivoli. From various horizons, there 

 were collected 11 genera of ferns, 4 of cycads and 5 of conifers. 



The Burrum formation or lower portion of the Trias- Jura is 

 exposed in a continuous area of about 3,000 square miles as well as 

 in some small areas. Not much development had been attempted 

 prior to 1892, owing to lack of railroad communication ; but com- 

 paratively extensive operations were under way near Howard, about 

 150 miles north from Brisbane. There W. H. Rands measured a 

 section of 1,015 feet, representing the top fifth of the formation and 

 containing 6 seams, i foot, 8 inches to 5 feet thick, which were 

 mined. These coals are of good quality, low in ash, are caking and 

 yield a good gas for illuminating. The coal seams generally axe ir- 

 regular. The fauna is scanty, a few specimens of Corhicula and of 

 Rocellaria have been seen. The flora is almost equally scanty and 

 is represented by a few fragmentary specimens belonging to 4 

 genera of ferns, 2 of cycads and one conifer. 



