WHEELER— ANT LARV^. 335 



the appetite or aversion schema. He evidently regards sexual be- 

 havior as the most typical expression of appetite. I should regard 

 hunger as being certainly from a biological point of view the more 

 primitive. ^^ 



If we regard symphily and trophallaxis as expressions of essen- 

 tially the same instinct with pronounced appetitive constituent or 

 pattern, we can readily understand how Wasmann was led astray 

 by the behavior of sangninca towards Lonicclnisa, for the appetites 

 are notoriously prone to perversion. In fact, Escherich's compari- 

 son of the appetite of sanguinea for the secretions of the beetle with 

 alcoholism is not altogether inept. I should prefer to compare the 

 ant's behavior with that of a cat presented with a sprig of catnip or 

 of a leopard presented with a ball of paper sprinkled with oil of 

 bergamot. If the secretions of the larval and adult LomccJiusa 

 have an analogous influence on their hosts, as is very probable, the 

 apparently anomalous behavior of the latter would be readily un- 

 derstood. It would certainly be no more surprising than that my 

 hypothetical maiden aunts prefer to have their bed-linen scented 

 with lavender or that some of my bachelor friends prefer Havana 

 cigars and cannot be persuaded to smoke the " domestic " variety. 



If the objection be raised that I overlook the fact that the rela- 

 tion of sanguinea to Louicchusa is one of host to parasite, whereas 

 that between the queen ant and her brood is one of parent to ofif- 



11 I find myself therefore in closer agreement with Jung than with Freud. 

 The former's term " libido " seems to be practically synonymous with " appe- 

 tite " in its general sense, as c. g., in the following very suggestive passage 

 (1916, p. 149) : "We see the libido in the stage of childhood almost wholly 

 occupied in the instinct of nutrition, which takes care of the upbuilding of 

 the body. With the development of the body there are successively opened 

 new spheres of application for the libido. The last sphere of application, 

 and surpassing all the others in its functional significance, is sexuality, 

 which seems at first almost bound up with the function of nutrition. (Com- 

 pare with this the influence of procreation on the conditions of nutrition in 

 lower animals and plants.) In the territory of sexuality, the libido wins that 

 formation, the enormous importance of which has justified us in the use of 

 the term libido in general. Here the libido appears very properly as an 

 impulse to procreation and almost in the form of an undiflferentiated sexual 

 primal libido, as an energy of growth, which clearly forces the individual 

 towards division, budding, etc. (The clearest distinction between the two 

 forms of libido is to^ be found among those animals in whom the stage of 

 nutrition is separated from the sexual stage by a chrysalis stage.) " 



