338 WHEELER— ANT LARV^. 



That this opinion is no longer tenable, at least in the form in which 

 it is stated, is shown by the observations of Bugnion (1912), who 

 has proved that the soldier and worker castes of Eutermes are deter- 

 mined in the &gg, and the observations of ]\Iiss Thompson (1917), 

 who has been able to distinguish the sexual from the sterile castes 

 of Leucotermcs flavipcs at the time of hatching. Holmgren's thesis 

 could be accepted only on the assumption that the effects of feeding 

 had been carried back during the long phylogeny of the termites into 

 the embryonic stages. Incidentally it may be said that his other 

 statement in regard to the development of the complemental or 

 neotenic males and females in the termite colony refer, not to the 

 development of castes, but to the ontogenetic growth of the exudate 

 tissues, a process which is exhibited in the most extraordinary 

 manner during the imaginal life of the true queens of many species. 

 In conclusion it may be interesting to note in connection with the 

 development of the social habit of insects from a trophallactic rela- 

 tion between parent and progeny, that the social or gregarious in- 

 stinct in man has also been regarded by some authors as an appe- 

 tite. Drever (1917) cites the early British philosopher Hutcheson 

 ("Nature and Conduct of the Passions," Sect. 4, 1728) as classi- 

 fying the gregarious instinct among the appetites, and referring to 

 McDougal's interesting comments on gregariousness (1910), he says 

 (p. 184) : 



There is in the instinct itself something which suggests such a view 

 [as McDougal's], something which might even lead the psychologist to main- 

 tain that it belongs to the " Appetite " group in our system of classification, 

 an opinion to which Galton's description lof the wild ox of Damaraland 

 which cannot endure even a momentary severance from the herd] would lend 

 some support. There is indeed something primordial about the whole experi- 

 ence involved in the operation of the gregarious instinct. 



The fact that higher gregarious and social animals are satisfied as 

 long as they are with their fellows but become uneasy when isolated 

 is certainly very suggestive of the appetitive type of behavior.^^ In 



12 As Trotter says (1916). "In interpreting into mental terms the conse- 

 quences of gregariousness, we may conveniently begin with the simplest. The 

 conscious individual will feel an unanalyzable primary sense of comfort in 

 the actual presence of his fellows, and a similar sense of discomfort in their 

 absence. It will be obvious truth to him that it is not good for the man to 

 be alone. Loneliness will be a real terror, insurmountable by reason." 



