GONADAL HORMONES AND SOCIAL BEHAVIOR 



1249 



Rotation from 

 isolation to 

 group 



Sporri ng 



Peckin g 



X X Fighting 



——0 Avoiding 



Rotation from 

 group to group 



Rotation from 

 group to group 



1 2 3 4 5 6- 



WEEKS OF AGE 

 Fig. 20.3. Differences in the frequency of some behavior patterns of male chicks rotated 

 between isolation and a group, and of others rotated from group to group. The results of 

 group-to-group rotation for each of these two groups are shown separately, and these show 

 social inertia (Guhl, 1958). 



Four groups of 10 chicks each were used. 

 The cages were similar except that one was 

 jiartitioned for partial isolation. Two types 

 of rotating group memberships were de- 

 vised. Every other day, from the 3rd day of 

 age, 1 chick was taken from isolation and 

 placed with one group and a group member 

 was placed in isolation. Chicks were also 

 shifted between the other two groups which 

 were maintained as flocks. Rotation fol- 

 lowed a schedule and a chick was in isola- 

 tion (or in one of the three group cages) 

 for 20 days. Those returned to isolation had 

 nearly 3 weeks during which any social 

 habits or individual recognition might be 

 extinguished, whereas those rotated between 

 flocks continued to have social contacts but 

 with different individuals. The results are 

 given in Figure 20.3 and show that the 



group into which isolates were rotated had 

 the highest frecjuency of agonistic behavior. 

 In addition to the reduced social inertia, 

 the newcomers from isolation acted as a 

 greater stimulus for aggression than did 

 newcomers from the cages containing flocks 

 of chicks. 



E. INTERACTION OF DRIVES 



The tendencies toward aggressiveness and 

 submissiveness may be viewed as drives in 

 the sense that they are forces prompting 

 an animal to activity directed toward cer- 

 tain ends. In a flock of goats (Scott, 1948), 

 delayed feeding increased the amount of 

 fighting in dominant animals, and recent 

 feeding decreased the amount of aggression 

 in dominant animals. In subordinate indi- 

 viduals, delaved feeding caused them to take 



