20 



GONADAL HORMONES AND SOCIAL 



BEHAVIOR IN INFRAHUMAN 



VERTEBRATES 



A. M. Guhl, Ph.D. 



PROFESSOR OF ZOOLOGY, KANSAS STATE UNIVERSITY, 

 MANHATTAN, KANSAS 



I. Introduction 1240 theniian, 1939 ; Noble, 1939a, Yerkes, 1939 ) . 



II. Social Organization 1240 ^-^^^ ^^ ^j^j^ j^^^^^, relationship has been 



III. Historical Background 1242 , , ., , . x i tx i i r i 



IV Methods 1242 abundantly demonstrated. It has been loimd 



y. Elements Comprising THE Substrate 1244 also that social relationships sometimes fa- 



A. Heredity and Levels of Aggressive cilitate and sometimes inhibit the display 



Behavior 1244 ^f gg^ual behavior. It is the object of this 



c: Z:n::S^^^. :::::::::: Im f l-Pter to discuss the mAuence of gonadal 



D. Social Inertia and the Development hormones on certam social behavior pat- 



of Social Behavior 1247 terns and, reciprocally, the influence that 



E. Interaction of Drives 1249 ^ome social factors have on the display of 



VI. Gonadal Hormones and Social Be- sexual behavior 



HAVIOR 1250 



A. Social Behavior and the Reproduc- 



tive Cycle 1250 II. Social Organization 



B. Androgens and Aggressiveness... 1254 



C. Estrogens and SubmLssiveness . ... 1255 The term social IS used here in a broad 



D. Are Aggressiveness and Submissive- sense, which is generally acceptable to zoo- 



ness Separate Behavior Patterns? 1257 Jogists working in the field of sociobiologv. 



E. Gonadal Hormones and the Devel- ^^^-^^ behavior is any behavior caused by 



opment 01 Social Behavior l^o/ n- ,- ^i ■ i n ^ ±^ 



VII. Releasers and Other Mechanisms ^v affecting another animal, usually of the 



IN Social Behavior 1258 same species. Although sexual and parental 



VIII. Social Stress and the Endocrine behavior are also social, this chapter is con- 



,r ^ System 1261 cerned essentially with agonistic behavior, 



IX. Concluding Remarks 12b2 i • i ■ i j • i i r • 



X. References 1262 ^^'^"^^^ includes aggressive and defensive ac- 

 tions and escape and submissive behavior. 



I. Introduction Agonistic behavior is especially important 



Most investigations of the influence of during the etstablishment of any degree of 



gonadal hormones on behavior have been intraspecific organization. Because it is so 



focused on reproductive behavior, probably conspicuous at such times, there is a ten- 



because the various patterns are readily ob- dency to report the behavior of animals 



servable and follow a sequence or reaction which are organized on the basis of such 



chain which facilitates analysis. Social be- behavior. However, there are groups which 



havior patterns, on the other hand, are often might be integrated as a social unit through 



less obvious; indeed, it was not until 1939 other behavior patterns; e.g., reciprocal in- 



that their manifestation w^as related to teractions such as grooming, play, parent- 



gonadal hormones (Allee, Collias and Lu- young relations (Carpenter, 1942, 1952; 



1240 



