1222 



HORMONAL REGULATION 



izations and they are applicable to both 

 sexes. 



In the adult, and possibly in the neonatal 

 and sexually immature animal as well, there 

 is no evidence that the hormones have any 

 effect on the organization of the tissues 

 mediating mating behavior. Genetical fac- 

 tors are of obvious importance and account 

 for the differences between species, for the 

 differences between sexes, and, in subhuman 

 species if not in man as well, for many of 

 the differences between individuals. Psycho- 

 logic or experiential factors are also im- 

 portant, and, as with genetical factors, the 

 extent depends on the species and the sex. 

 But, in contrast to the genetical factors, the 

 influence of psychologic factors is greater 

 in the higher than in the lower mammals. 

 These factors probably have achieved a 

 dominant role in man in whom there is a 

 clear dependence on his culture (Ford and 

 Beach, 1951; ]\Iead, chapter 24), his ex- 

 perience (Heller and Maddock, 1947; Kin- 

 sey, Pomeroy, ]\Iartin and Gebhard, 1953; 

 and many others ) , and his sex of assignment 

 and rearing (Finesinger, jVIeigs and Sulko- 

 witch, 1942; Ellis, 1945; Money, 1955; 

 Money, Hampson and Hampson, 1955, 

 1957; Hampson, Hampson and Money, 

 1955; Hampson, ]\loney and Hampson, 

 1956 L In two lower mannnals, the guinea 

 pig and cat, psychologic factors are clearly 

 operative (Valenstein, Riss and Young, 

 1955; Rosenblatt and Aronson, 1958a, b); 

 more in the male, we believe, than in the 

 female (Young, 1957 1 . The conclusion that, 

 in even the neonatal and young animal, the 

 development of the pattern of behavior may 

 be independent of gonadal hormone action 

 is based on results from a number of experi- 

 ments. When the gonads have been re- 

 moved within a day or two after birth or 

 have been congenitally absent, normal pat- 

 terns of behavior were later displayed, pro- 

 vided of course the appropriate hormones 

 were administered, and in the male, pro- 

 vided there had been contact with other 

 animals (Wilson and Young, 1941 ; Beach, 

 1945b; Beach and Holz, 1946; Riss, Valen- 

 stein, Sinks and Young, 1955 L 



During the prenatal period the situation 

 is quite different. The operation of genetical 

 factors is assumed, but more dramatic is 



the demonstrated action of hormonal fac- 

 tors, especially on the female (Phoenix, 

 Goy, Gerall and Young, 1959) . During this 

 period they seem to be organizational, very 

 much as they are organizational in the dif- 

 ferentiation of the genital tracts (Burns, 

 1942, 1949, and his chapter in this book; 

 .lost, 1947, 1953, 1957; Wells, Cavanaugh 

 and Maxwell, 1954; Price, 1957). Prelimi- 

 nary evidence indicates that when a male 

 hormone is present, the capacity for the 

 eventual display of masculine behavior de- 

 velops and the capacity for the display of 

 feminine behavior is suppressed in males 

 and in females. Without more information, 

 the comparison may not be extended to 

 the role of a fetal female gonadal hormone. 

 Development of the capacity for displaying 

 the copulatory response (lordosis) may re- 

 ciuire the presence of such a hormone or it 

 may be genetically determined, but experi- 

 ments comparable with those performed 

 especially by Jost and by Wells, Cavanaugh 

 and Maxwell have yet to be performed by 

 investigators interested in the development 

 of the capacity for displaying mating behav- 

 ior. 



Returning now to the concept that mating 

 behavior is always displayed with a certain 

 strength or vigor, we find ourselves limited 

 to the postpubertal period when the com- 

 plete pattern is displayed. As we have noted, 

 the potential strength or vigor with which 

 mating behavior is displayed is a part of 

 the pattern and as such is genetically and, 

 in man, possibly psychologically deter- 

 mined. But in all subhuman mammals and 

 almost certainly in the human male (see 

 chapter by Money), the strength or vigor 

 of male behavior is related to the gonadal 

 hormones. The evidence is not clear for 

 the human female. The retention of sexual 

 responsiveness after the natural or a surgi- 

 cal menopause (Filler and Drezner, 1944) 

 suggests an emancipation from hormonal 

 control. On the other hand, the enhanced 

 sexual desire following the administration 

 of testosterone propionate (Shorr, Papa- 

 nicolaou and Stimmel, 1938; Salmon, 1942; 

 Greenblatt, 1943; Carter, Cohen and Shorr, 

 1947) suggests that, as in the male, emanci- 

 pation is not complete. 



Tlie vievv- we have attempted to express 



