ONTOGENESIS OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 



1405 



TABLE 23.1 

 Varieties of ambisexual incongruities 



1. Conyenital hyperadrenocortical females: externally hermaphroditic; normal internal reproductive 



organs ; female sex chromatin pattern (36 



2. Hermaphrodites with ambiguous or masculinized external genitals: normal functional female inter- 



nal reproductive structures and ovaries; female sex chromatin pattern 6 



3. Classical true hermaphroditism: testicular and ovarian tissue both present; enlarged phallus; vari- 



able development of the genital ducts; male or female sex chromatin pattern 1 



4. Cryptorchid hermaphrodites with relatively complete MUllerian differentiation: penis hypospadic or 



normal; possibly virilizing at puberty; male sex chromatin pattern 7 



5. Cryptorchid hrrniaphrodilcs with relatively incomplete Mullerian differentiation: hypospadic oi- cli- 



toral phallus; possibly virilizing at pubertj^; male sex chromatin pattern 



a. With urogenital sinus 18 



b. With blind vaginal pouch 2 



G. Simulant feniales with fendnizing inguinal testes and vestigial Miillerian differentiation: blind vag- 

 inal pouch; male sex chromatin pattern 13 



greylag goslings to follow a grey mother goose. 

 They must not be allowed to see a human being 

 from the moment they break their shell to the 

 time they are placed under the mother goose. If 

 they do, they follow the human being at once." It 

 is also remarkable that almost any object between 

 the size of a small chicken and a human being 

 which moves and makes a noise can imprint the 

 following-response in a newborn greylag. 



In the experimental goslings the imprint of 

 filial response to a decoy parent, with a human-be- 

 ing as parental model, was fixed and irreversible. 



2. There is a relatively rare variety of hermaph- 

 roditism (Variety 2, Table 23.1) in which a baby 

 is born in every respect a regular, normal female 

 except that the labia are fused to look like a scro- 

 tum and the clitoris is enlarged to look like an un- 

 finished penis; there is a gutter in the place of a 

 penile urethra so that urination is accomplished in 

 a sitting position (Fig. 23.1). So confusing is the 

 ambiguity of such genitalia that the baby may be 

 considered either a boy or a girl. Studies have been 

 made, one of which has been reported by Money, 

 Hampson, and Hampson (1956), of two such people 

 reared as boys who have now reached adulthood. 

 W^e have also studied three similar people, still 

 juvenile, being reared as girls. It is not surprising 

 that the latter are growing up as ordinary girls psy- 

 chologically undifferentiable from their normal sis- 

 ters and schoolgirl friends. What is quite remarka- 

 ble, however, is that two individuals reared as boys 

 matured with a regular, masculine psychology, and 

 sexual orientation. At the time of the first signs 

 of pubertal feminization they had recoiled from 

 any suggestion that they change to live as a girl 

 and subsequently they had been pleased and bene- 

 fited by surgical and hormonal masculinization. 

 Erotically they have been beset by the handicap 

 of an undersized and malformed penis and scrotum. 

 Nonetheless they were living happy, successful 

 lives as men, one of them old enough to be a 

 liusband and an adoptive father. The imprint of 



VV- 



^ 





i 



k 



Fig. 23.1. Six-day-old female infant with mas- 

 culinized external genitals, female sex chromatin 

 pattern. (Courtesy of Dr. Lawson Wilkins.) 



psychologic masculinity, from multiple male mod- 

 els and examples, was fixed and irreversible. 



Psychiatrists have long realized that some 

 modalities and disorders of psychologic 

 fimctioning in humans resist all efforts at 

 modification. The traditional explanation of 

 this has rested heavily on constitutional and 



