1384 



HORMONAL REGULATION OF BEHAVIOR 



TABLE 22.1 



Sex hormone anomalies and numbers of patients 



Unmatured boys aged 16 or older, not dwarfed, with hypogonadisna and sex-hormone deficiency. ... 11 

 Unmatured girls over 16, dwarfed in stature, with gonadal aplasia and sex-hormone deficiency: 



(a) Male sex chromatin 7 



(b) Female sex chromatin 2 



Woman, sex-hormone deficiency secondary to pituitary deficiency 1 



Female hyperadrenocortical hermaphrodites precociously virilized, studied when feminized on 



cortisone therapy: 



(a) Between ages 8 and 14 years 9 



(b) Between ages 15 and 53 years 12 



Boys with idiopathic sexual precocity 9 



Girls with idiopathic sexual precocity 16 



Boys with precocious puberty of hyperadrenocortical onset, not arrested by treatment 8 



Various anatomic anomalies affecting eroticism and numbers of patients 



Paraplegic men 1 



Clitorectomized hermaphrodites 9 



Men with penectomy 4 



Woman with radical vulvectomy 1 



has been important for the furtherance of 

 investigation and development of concepts 

 in human eroticism. It is a well known prin- 

 ciple that pathology, by its very exaggera- 

 tions, helps to sharpen one's acuity for per- 

 ception of the normal. 



On the basis of these principles, this chap- 

 ter presents material on human eroticism. 

 A part is a review of the many published 

 reports. Much of it, on the other hand, was 

 obtained from people who had some patho- 

 logic condition that affected their sexual 

 functioning. INIore than 100 were patients of 

 a variety of ages and types of hermaphro- 

 ditism and for whom a psychologic study 

 had been completed, the same patients 

 whose histories were the basis of Chapter 

 23 on the ontogenesis of sexual behavior 

 by the Hampsons. Full details of the endo- 

 crine conditions in these patients will be 

 found in Wilkins (1957), the method of 

 psychologic study in Money (1957). Other 

 patients were paraplegics and quadriplegics 

 whose study was made possible through the 

 kindness of Dr. John Neustadt at Baltimore 

 City Hospitals and Dr. Alexander Dowling, 

 Medical Director of Maryland State 

 Chronic Disease Hospitals. The numbers of 

 patients in the different groups are shown 

 in Table 22.1. 



Historically, the medical management of 

 hermaphroditism followed the common as- 

 sumption that masculine eroticism is an 



attribute of male-hormone functioning and 

 female eroticism of female-hormone func- 

 tioning. This view receives considerable sup- 

 port in the phenomena of reproductive or 

 sexual behavior in subhuman mammals (see 

 chapter by Young). It was not until 1945 

 that the significance of hermaphroditism for 

 psychosexual theory was given serious con- 

 sicleration. In that year Ellis published a re- 

 view of 84 case reports in the periodical 

 literature. In these reports psychologic in- 

 formation was for the most part anecdotal 

 rather than systematically collected. An im- 

 portant exception was a case study in 1942 

 by Finesinger, Meigs and Sulkowitch, which 

 still remains the sole example of psycho- 

 analysis applied to an hermaphrodite. The 

 patient was a male hermaphrodite, aged 17, 

 boyish in build and hormonally unfemi- 

 nized, who had always lived as a girl. Psy- 

 choanalytic sessions were conducted daily 

 for 6 months, as a matter of research inter- 

 est. In a personal communication. Fine- 

 singer confirmed that, without exception, 

 the patient's free associations were typically 

 those of a teen-aged girl. 



In 1950 Money began a series of her- 

 maphroditic studies^ that have since been 

 expanded in a continuous program in col- 



^ Money, 1952, 1955; Money, Hampson and 

 Hampson, 1955a, 1955b, 1956, 1957; Hampson, 

 1955; Hampson, Hampson and Money, 1955; 

 Hampson, Money and Hampson, 1956. 



