1476 



HORMONAL REGULATION OF BEHAVIOR 



and the girls gather around; the less suc- 

 cessful young male who fails to attract 

 girls may attribute the failure to the fact 

 that he did not comb his hair or put the 

 right hair oil on it. 



This attitude toward sex as something 

 that can be manipulated is consonant with 

 other attitudes toward the body as a ma- 

 chine which should work ; if it does not work 

 it should be fixed, and people who fail to 

 get it fixed, to "do something about it," are 

 given neither sympathy nor quarter by the 

 society. 



Other bodily manifestations of glandular 

 activity are treated in the same way. A child 

 who fails to grow at the right rate should 

 be given medication; dysmenorrhea as an 

 excuse from a variety of fatiguing and irk- 

 some physical activities is no longer al- 

 lowed—here medication and exercise are be- 

 lieved to remedy the condition; morning 

 sickness during pregnancy is interpreted 

 as either glandular imbalance, when medi- 

 cation is indicated, or psychologic rejection 

 of the pregnancy, when psychotherapy or 

 "change in one's attitude" is indicated. De- 

 livery is likewise to be controlled, either by 

 appropriate drugs or the spreading demand 

 for "natural childbirth," manipulating the 

 body and mind before birth, so that medi- 

 cation will not be needed. Breast feeding, 

 which 25 years ago was disappearing, is now 

 also something which the mother can pre- 

 pare to do, or if her milk cannot be made 

 adequate, then a controlled formula should 

 be given to the baby while it is held as if 

 it were being breast fed. 



It can be seen from all this that early 

 and absolute assignment of sex, continuous 

 therapeutic interference with any anomalies 

 which suggest incomplete or inappropriate 

 sexual maturation, and substitution of ther- 

 apy whenever a loss of endocrine function- 

 ing occurs, are all highly congruent with 

 this contemporary emphasis on the impor- 

 tance of every individual being able to 

 function in the same way. Not only this 

 pressure to seem to conform, but the burden 

 of nonconformity with the attendant sense 

 of sin, or guilt, puts a heavy pressure on the 

 very large proportion of Americans who de- 

 viate from the recognized patterns of tem- 

 perament and behavior. 



IX. References'^ 



Alex.'Wder, F., Ayo Healy, W. 1935. Roots of 

 Crime. New York and London: Alfred A. 

 Knopf. 



American Social Hygiene Association. 1948. 

 Problems of Sexual Behavior. New York: 

 American Social Hygiene Association. 



Armstrong, W. 1928. Bossel I.'iland. Cambridge: 

 Cambridge Uni\-ersity Press. 



Bali.nt, M. 1952. Primary Love and Pscho- 

 unalytic Techniciue. London: Hogarth Press, 

 Ltd. 



B.ATE80X, G. 1947. Sex and culture. Ann. New 

 York Acad. Sc, 47, 647. 



Bateson, G. 1958. Naven, 2nd ed. Stanford: 

 Stanford LTniversity Press. 



B.^TESON, G., AND Mead, M. 1942. Balinese Char- 

 acter, Special Publications, 2. New York: New 

 York Academy of Sciences. 



Benedek, T., and Rubenstein, B. 1939. Correla- 

 tions between ovarian activity and psychody- 

 namic processes. P.sychosom. Med., 1, 245-270. 



Benedict, R. 1934. Patterns of Culture. Boston 

 and New York: Houghton, Mifflin Company. 



Bettelhei.m, B. 1954. Symbolic Wounds: Pu- 

 berty Rites and the Envious Male. Glencoe: 

 Free Press. 



BiBRiNG, G. L. 1953. On tlic "iiassing of the 

 Oedipus complex" in a matriarchal family set- 

 ting. In Drives, Affects, Behavior, R. M. Loew- 

 enstein. Ed., pp. 278-284. New York: Inter- 

 national Universities Press. 



BoNiLLA, E. S. 1958. The Normative Patterns of 

 the Puerto Rican Family in Various Situational 

 Contexts. Ann Arbor: University Microfilms. 



BowLBY, J. 1951. Maternal Care and Mental 

 Health, Monograph 2. Geneva: World Health 

 Organization. 



Brown, D. G. 1958. Sex role development in a 

 changing culture. Psychol. Bull., 55, 232-242. 



Burks, B. S. 1928. The relative influence of na- 

 ture and nurture upon mental development: 

 comparative study of foster parent-foster child 

 resemblance and true parent-true child resem- 

 blance. Yearbook Nat. Soc. Study Educ, 

 27(1), 219. 



Carpenter. C. R. 1934. A field study of the be- 

 havior and social relations of howling monkeys. 

 Comp. P.sychol. Monogr., 10. 



Carpenter, C. R. 1940. A field study in Siam of 

 the behavior and social relations of the gibbon 

 (Hylobates lar). Comp. Psychol. Monogr., 16, 

 1. 



Carpenter, C. R. 1942. Sexual behavior of free 

 ranging rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). 



^^ In the references given in the text I have 

 included tribal names where references to the 

 original publications might add illumination for 

 the student, or where the same people are re- 

 ferred to .several times, using the form: (Arapesh, 

 Mead, 1935). Where resort to the primary source 

 is not likely to amplify the point, I have used 

 more general references, e.g., Westermarck, with- 

 out the tribal name. 



