1054 



SUBMAMMALIAX VERTEBRATES 



appears not to have been used in recent 

 years. 



Atriphibians 



Diethylstilbestrol provoked hyi)ertrophy 

 of the rudimentary oviducts and atrophy of 

 the Wolffian ducts in adult normal and cas- 

 trated Triturus (Adams, 1946). Injection of 

 mammalian follicular extract or of estrone 

 into ovariectomized Rana pipiens prevented 

 atrophy of the oviducts and sometimes 

 caused oviducal hypertrophy (Wolf, 1928; 

 :March, 1937 ) . Estrone had little effect on the 

 oviducts of normal toads (de Allende, 1940) , 

 but estradiol helped to prevent ovitlucal cas- 

 tration atrophy (Galli-Mainini, 1950). The 

 injection of estrone into male toads caused 

 growth in the summer but not in the winter 

 of the vestigial Miillerian ducts; growth was 

 due to development of mucus-secreting 

 glands (van Oordt and Klomp, 1946). Pen- 

 hos and Nallar (1956) determined the rate 

 of oviducal secretion in Bufo arenarum by 

 ligating both ends of the oviduct, treating 

 the toad, then removing and weighing the 

 oviduct and accumulated secretion. Proges- 

 terone administration stimulated secretion; 

 this action of the hormone was enhanced by 

 concurrent administration of estradiol ben- 

 zoate and testosterone propionate, but not 

 by desoxycorticosterone and folic acid, 

 whereas preliminary treatment with hydro- 

 cortisone had an inhibitory effect. Proges- 

 terone, on the other hand, had little or no 

 effect on the accessory sex structures of tad- 

 poles of Bufo bufo (Lugli, 1955 ) . 



Although peritoneal cilia do not normally 

 occur in male Eana pipiens, the intraperi- 

 toneal injection of theelin (estrone) into 

 males for 30 days resulted in the appearance 

 of patches of cilia on the coelomic perito- 

 neum (Donahue, 1934) . In the toad Xenopus 

 the hyperemia of the cloacal labia which is 

 typical in females during the breeding sea- 

 son could be produced at other times by 

 the administration of pituitary hormones, 

 methyl testosterone, testosterone propionate, 

 or progesterone. These steroids also produced 

 oviducal hyperemia (Berk and Shapiro, 

 1939). 



Reptiles 



The injection of folliculin, an estrogen, 

 into immature female Testudo iberica, a tur- 

 tle, every other day for 3 or 4 weeks resulted 

 in oviducal hypertrophy to more than nor- 

 mal adult size. The mucosal cells became 

 columnar, and some acquired cilia (Kehl, 

 1930) . Estrogens and testosterone propionate 

 both caused moderate growth of foreclaws 

 in immature Pseudemys elegans (Evans, 

 1946, 1952a). It is surprising that estrogens 

 should have the same effect as an androgen 

 on this accessory sex structure. 



Theelin injections provoked conspicuous 

 growth of the oviduct of the female, reduced 

 epididymal diameter in males, and increased 

 the number of mitotic figures in the male vas 

 deferens in Scelopor^us (Gorbman, 1939). In 

 another lizard, Anolis, administration of the 

 same estrogen resulted in major atrophy of 

 the testis, lesser atrophy of the ovary, and 

 hypertrophy of oviducts, ductus deferens, 

 and cloacal epithelium in both males and fe- 

 males (Evans and Clapp, 1940). Treatment 

 of male Eumeces with estradiol benzoate had 

 little effect (Reynolds, 1943), but injection 

 of estradiol diproprionate into sexually qui- 

 escent female Uromastix caused develop- 

 ment of the reproductive tract equal to that 

 seen in the breeding season (Kehl, Leportois 

 and Benoit, 1941; Kehl, 1944b). Progester- 

 one caused conspicuous growth of the ovi- 

 duct in Uro IN astir (Kehl, 1941, 1944b). 



XVII. Fertilization; Sperm Storage 

 in Females 



Fish 



External fertilization, of course, takes 

 place in the water. Internal fertilization oc- 

 curs in various sites. Sometimes the eggs are 

 shed into the ovarian cavity and there en- 

 counter the sperm (Stuhlman, 1887; Turner, 

 1938c). In the poeciliids Lebistes, Xipho- 

 phorus, Heterandria, and Glaridichthys and 

 in Xeotoca and Jenynsia the ovum is ferti- 

 lized while still in the follicle. Shortly before 

 arrival of the sperm the follicular cells sep- 

 arating the mature ovum from the central 

 ovarian cavity thin out to form a funnel- 

 shaped invagination or delle. At the apex of 

 the latter there is a minute pore or propyle 

 that permits entrance of the sperm. The em- 



